完全混合式曝气系统运行特性及微生物群落结构解析

利用某污水处理厂完全混合式曝气系统处理生活污水,探讨了系统同步硝化反硝化脱氮过程,解析了系统中污泥微生物群落结构.中试试验结果表明,系统运行稳定,且在无外加碳源的条件下,COD、氨氮和总氮平均去除率分别为93.2%、96.9%和75.2%,出水COD、氨氮和总氮均优于一级A排放标准.系统污泥具有较强的反硝化能力,其脱氮速率是污水处理厂污泥的2.86倍以上.通过对系统污泥周质硝酸盐还原酶聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增和高通量测序结果,发现系统中存在好氧反硝化菌,污泥中优势菌为动胶菌属(Zoogloea)、陶厄氏菌属(Thauera)和Dechloromonas菌属.     

高原高寒地域中重型车辆发动机预热起动辅助装置研究

目的提高中重型车辆装备在高原高寒环境下的低温起动性能。方法研制一种适应高原高寒地域低温低气压环境的冷却液加热器,加热器将燃油燃烧产生的热量传递给冷却液,通过冷却液的循环对发动机机体进行预热。结果在低温试验室内-41℃常压环境下,使用冷却液加热器预热25 min后起动发动机,一次起动成功。在高原进行环境适应性试验,预热时间在25 min内,发动机一次起动成功。结论发动机预热可有效提高-30^-41℃温度地域的发动机低温起动性能。     

开闭路条件下沉积物微生物燃料电池阳极细菌群落差异解析

采用Solixa高通量测序技术对比了沉积物微生物燃料电池(sediment microbial fuel cells,SMFCs)开闭路条件下启动阳极生物膜细菌群落结构差异.SMFCs开路条件下启动阳极生物膜获得优化序列3 936条,经过97%相似度归并后得到1 581个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units,OTUs);SMFCs连接5 kΩ电阻闭路启动阳极生物膜获得优化序列3 930条,聚类归并后产生1 551个OTUs,α多样性指数分析表明开路条件下启动阳极生物膜菌群多样性相对更丰富.SMFCs开、闭路条件下启动阳极生物膜优势菌均为Proteobacteria、Firmicutes和Bacteroidetes,它们在开路下阳极生物膜中的含量分别为59.79%、12.54%和9.02%,而在闭路条件下分别为63.02%、10.01%和3.60%,SMFCs闭路条件下运行,地杆菌Geobacter在阳极生物膜中含量高达16.55%.SMFCs开、闭路条件下启动阳极生物膜细菌群落结构的差异说明SMFCs启动过程电子的传递影响电极生物膜微生物群落结构.     

CuO强化MFC活化过硫酸盐降解偶氮染料废水及同步产电研究

利用CuO强化微生物燃料电池(MFC)活化过硫酸盐(PDS),提高MFC对偶氮染料的降解率及同步产电性能.考察初始pH、CuO浓度、PDS浓度等因素对降解率及同步产电的影响.实验结果表明,最佳反应条件:初始pH为3.0,CuO浓度为0.6 mmol·L~(-1),PDS浓度为2 mmol·L~(-1)时,反应4 h后MO降解率达到99.3%.比未投加CuO时MO降解率提高12.8%;MFC最大输出功率密度从53.0 mW·m~(-2)增大到103.5 mW·m~(-2),输出功率密度提高1.95倍;对应的表观内阻从484.1Ω减小到318.6Ω,下降幅度达到34.1%.降解机理研究表明,MO降解过程中的主要活性物质为SO~-_4·和少量·OH.反应前后水样的紫外-可见光谱对比显示,MO降解过程中偶氮键率先断裂,然后生成含苯环类的中间产物,最终得到矿化.     

单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池硝酸根去除系统的建立和性能研究

本文以单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cell,MFC)处理含不同浓度硝酸根的模拟废水,研究了NO~-_3-N初始浓度和开闭路培养方式对单室MFC的启动、硝酸根去除性能和产电性能的影响.结果表明,随着NO~-_3-N初始浓度的提高,MFC的NO~-_3-N平均去除速率达到稳定值所需时间增加,NO~-_3-N平均去除速率提高.当NO~-_3-N初始浓度为200 mg·L~(-1)时,闭路组MFC的NO~-_3-N平均去除速率达到(3.52±0.28) kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1),高于相近条件下许多传统生物反应器的NO~-_3-N平均去除速率.硝酸根去除过程主要发生在MFC运行周期的前期.硝酸根对阳极生物膜中主要产电菌Geobacter的生物量没有影响.当基质充足时,所有闭路组MFC的最大功率密度相近(～27 W·m~(-3)).闭路组MFC比开路组MFC具有更高的NO~-_3-N去除速率,可能与其阳极生物膜具有电化学还原亚硝酸根能力和Thauera易在其阳极上富集有关.     

植物微生物燃料电池修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染湿地土壤及机理研究

本研究通过引入沼生植物香蒲构建植物微生物燃料电池系统(P-MFC)修复Cr(VI)污染湿地土壤,考察了植物、不同初始Cr(VI)浓度对系统产电及去除效率的影响.结果显示,香蒲种植能显著提高P-MFC运行性能,系统最大功率密度与Cr(VI)去除率分别提高至23.83 mW·m~(-2)、33.01%,随着Cr(VI)暴露浓度的升高,系统运行性能降低.利用P-MFC修复Cr(VI)污染土壤过程中,电化学还原作用是Cr(VI)去除的主要机制,近90%的Cr(VI)通过电化学还原去除,系统中0.3%～1.86%的Cr(VI)被香蒲吸收富集,3.5%～9.5%的Cr(VI)被微生物与还原性有机物直接还原.通过高通量测序技术分析发现,香蒲种植与低浓度Cr(VI)暴露下阳极微生物群落多样性较大,优势门类Proteobacteria相对丰度最高为63.9%,较未种植香蒲与高浓度Cr(VI)暴露条件下提高了3.4%～19.0%,电化学活性微生物Geobacter相对丰度最高为12.4%,较未种植香蒲与高浓度Cr(VI)暴露条件下提高了4.4%～6.8%.系统中对Cr(VI)具有较强耐受性与还原能力的Acinetobacter、Bacillus占有较大比例,且相对丰度随暴露浓度升高而增大,最高分别为19.0%、14.4%,进一步说明微生物群落在Cr(VI)去除上发挥了一定作用.上述结果表明,P-MFC在去除湿地土壤Cr(VI)污染方面具有良好的潜力.     

可燃气体空间置换限值研究

在全面解析三元组分图构成要素和含义的基础上,分析可燃物质设备投用和停用过程中惰化置换的机理和浓度限值。可燃气体空间置换限值包括设备投用惰化置换时氧气的最高容许浓度(ISOC)和设备停用惰化置换时可燃气体的最高容许浓度(OSFC),二者可由试验和公式计算2种方式获得。与目前惰化置换时通常参照的限制氧浓度(LOC)、燃烧下限(LFL)等参数相比,ISOC和OSFC值可以更准确地表征惰化置换时临界浓度的意义。通过对部分可燃物质的ISOC和OSFC试验值及计算值进行对比分析,证明以LOC为依据计算出的ISOC和OSFC值与试验值具有更高的符合性;指出目前国内惰化置换浓度控制值采用统一规定值这一方式的不足;证明合理利用LFL,LOCI,SOC,OSFC等参数开展可燃气体密闭空间置换限值研究的科学合理性。     

生物质秸秆成型燃料的制备、应用与市场

介绍了国内外生物质能源技术的应用及生物质燃料的研发制备情况,分析了目前生物质燃料制备技术、资源化利用的现状以及存在的问题,针对符合中国国情的生物质(秸秆)成型燃料生产技术及市场需求进行了分析探讨。     

Filtration of Lignin from a Lignocellulose-Based Ethanol Pilot Plant

Abstract An increasing demand for bio-based vehicle fuels and impending harsher regulations of CO2 emissions are driving the development of a second generation of ethanol fuel processes. These processes will increase yields and make new feedstocks available, as they are designed to handle lignocellulosic materials such as wood. In order to achieve a sound financial economy of such a process, as well as an acceptable degree of energy efficiency, it is of the utmost importance that the lignin produced has a high dry content. An experimental study was conducted on lignin slurry from a pilot plant in the north of Sweden, in which the lignin slurry was filtered, pressed, and characterized. The dewatering was evaluated with the classical filtration equation by determining the average specific filtration resistance of the filter cakes. Compared with previous work, relatively low values of the specific filtration resistance were obtained. It is probable that the low values were an effect of the high amount of cel...     

Using a fire propagation model to assess the efficiency of prescribed burning in reducing the fire hazard

We examined how fire hazard was affected by prescribed burning and fuel recovery over the first six years following treatment. Eight common Mediterranean fuel complexes managed by means of prescribed burning in limestone Provence (South-Eastern France) were studied, illustrating forest and woodland, garrigue and grassland situations. The coupled atmosphere-wildfire behaviour model FIRETEC was used to simulate fire behaviour (ROS, intensity) in these complex vegetations. The temporal threshold related to the effectiveness of prescribed burning in reducing the fire hazard was assessed from derivated fuel dynamics after treatment. The study showed that prescribed burning treatment was effective for the first two years in most of the Mediterranean plant communities analysed. Thereafter, all forests and shrublands were highly combustible with a fire line intensity of more than 5000 kW/m except for pine stands with or without oak (medium intensity of 2000 kW m⁻¹ 3 years after treatment). Low fire line intensity (900 kW m⁻¹) was obtained for grassland which was entirely treatment-independent since the resprouter hemicryptophyte, Brachypodium retusum, is highly resilient to fire. Fire behaviour was greatly affected by fuel load accumulation of Quercus ilex in woodland, and by standing necromass of Rosmarinus officinalis in treated garrigue. Pure pine stands with shrub strata similar to garrigue showed a lower fire intensity due to wind speed decrease at ground level under tree canopy, underlining the advantage of maintaining a proportion of canopy cover in strategic fuel-break zones.