Proton exchange membrane fuel cell purge and fan control using a microcontroller

This study used Programmable System-on-Chip to make a fuel cell controller to manage the fuel cell operating environment. When a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is reacting, its performance is closely related to the operating conditions, such as temperature, water management, etc. This article investigates purge time interval control and the related characteristics. The controller developed in this study is free from additional power requirements, using only the power provided by the fuel cell.     

Preliminary experiment on fuel consumption and emission reduction in SI engine using blended bioethanol–gasoline and radiator tube-heater

The objective of this research is to investigate the reduction in fuel consumption and emission in spark ignition engine using blended bioethanol-gasoline and novel radiator-tube heater. Different percentages of ethanol – 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% – are employed. The blended fuel is then pre-heated by sending it into a tube-heater-installed upper tank radiator which has different shape. The results show a significant reduction in fuel consumption and emission in engine. The best economical fuel consumption occurs in the tube-heater with a fin pipe of 10 mm space at 2.153 × 10^?3 cc per cycle or 5.632%. However, the most economical fuel consumption occurs when 25% of bioethanol is added to fuel at 3.175?×?10^?3 per cycle. This decreases fuel consumption by 8.306%. The highest decrease in fuel consumption occurs when fuel blended with 25% of bioethanol and tube-heater of 10 mm 6.236?×?10^?3 cc per cycle or 16.313% is combined. In terms of emission reduction, the tube-heater with a space of 20 mm between fins (Tube 20) using a fuel mixture of 25% ethanol and 75% gasoline produced the lowest CO emissions.     

Reducing carbon emissions in Portugal: the relative roles of fossil fuel prices,energy efficiency,and carbon taxation

We assess the role of fossil fuel prices, energy efficiency, and carbon taxation in achieving climate policy goals using a dynamic general-equilibrium model of the Portuguese economy. Given the forecasts for international fossil fuel prices, improving energy efficiency and implementing a new carbon tax have significantly different economic and budgetary effects. Greater energy efficiency reduces emissions and has a positive economic effect, but increases public and foreign debt. A carbon tax reduces emissions at a cost for the economy, but leads to positive effects on public and foreign debt. Thus, it is important to pursue both strategies. We estimate that under the reference-price scenario, a steady energy efficiency gain of 2%–2.5% per year and a carbon tax of at least 35 € per tCO₂ are needed to achieve the stated goal of reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 by an amount equivalent to 40% of the emissions in 1990. These views were fully integrated in a proposal presented by the Commission for Environmental Tax Reform to the Portuguese Government in September 2014, and then discussed in Parliament in November 2014, before enacting a new carbon tax on 1 January 2015.     

混合振动试验在汽车电子装备中的应用和要点

环境试验方法国家标准试验Fi：振动 混合模式（GB/T2423.58-2008）已经发布。彩混合振动试验的《道路车辆电气及电子设备的环境条件和试验》国家标准（制订征求意见稿）已经公示。文内介绍了混合模式振动试验在汽车电子装备中的应用,以及混合模式振动试验的过程要素和试验的技术要点。     

Anaerobic biodegradation of benzene series compounds by mixed cultures based on optional electronic acceptors

A series of batch experiments were performed using mixed bacterial consortia to investigate biodegradation performance of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and three xylene isomers （BTEX） under nitrate, sulfate and ferric iron reducing conditions. The results showed that toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene and o-xylene could be degraded independently by the mixed cultures coupled to nitrate, sulfate and ferric iron reduction. Under ferric iron reducing conditions the biodegradation of benzene and p-xylene could be occurred only in the presence of other alkylbenzenes. Alkylbenzenes can serve as the primary subs＇rates to stimulate the transformation of benzene and p-xylene under anaerobic conditions. Benzene and p-xylene are more toxic than toluene and ethylbenzene, under the three terminal electron acceptors conditions, the degradation rates decreased with toluene 〉 ethylbenzene 〉 m-xylene 〉 o-xylene〉 benzene 〉 p- xylene. Nitrate was a more favorable electron acceptor compared to sulfate and ferric iron. The ratio between sulfate consumed and the loss of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene was 4.44, 4.51, 4.42, 4.32, 4.37 and 4.23, respectively; the ratio between nitrate consumed and the loss of these substrates was 7.53, 6.24, 6.49, 7.28, 7.81, 7.61, respectively; the ratio between the consumption of ferric iron and the loss of toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene was 17.99, 18.04, 18.07, 17.97, respectively.     

河岸混合植物带改善河水水质的现场研究

在1年的时间里在现场利用混合植物河岸带、无植物空白带对受污染河水进行处理.对COD、NH 4、TP、浊度和水温进行了监测,并比较了不同季节里混合植物带改善河水水质的效果.混合植物带在夏、秋季改善河水水质的效果好于冬、春季.混合植物带在夏季对COD、NH4 -N、TP和浊度的去除率分别为37.01%、69.21%、62.45%和99.17%,在冬季对河水水质也有一定程度的改善.混合植物带可以降低河水温度及河水早晚温差,起到改善局部水环境的作用.混合植物带与空白带的对比表明植物对去除水中污染物、改善局部水环境起着重要作用.     

中蒙边境典型草原可燃物热解动力学研究

以中蒙边境(包括东乌旗、 二连浩特市、 新巴尔虎右旗)的草原可燃物为研究对象,利用STA 6000热重分析仪,采用热重分析法以5 ml/min,10 ml/min,20 ml/min,30 ml/min的氧气为载气,在空气气氛下,升温速率分别为40℃/min,60℃/min,80℃/min时对三个地区草原可燃物的热失重...     

基于消费者购车决策的购置税、燃油税节能减排效应分析

本文基于中国乘用车市场车型层面微观数据,采用前沿的需求模型估计方法,通过反事实分析,实证模拟了燃油税与购置税税率变动作用于消费者购车决策的价格收入效应与替代效应,进而从需求侧探究购置税与燃油税实现节能减排的微观经济学机制,兼论环境税对企业和社会总福利的影响。结论表明：燃油税具有显著的价格变动收入效应,即促使更多消费者放弃驾车出行模式,购置税具有显著的价格变动替代效应,即促使消费者选择购买小排量车型。在这样的机制下,组合税对需求的影响更多地取决于购置税,即购置税的价格替代效应超过燃油税的价格收入效应。这使得组合税在样本期并未实现总量上的节能减排,但税收组合政策使得中国乘用车市场车型平均油耗降低。从时间趋势来看,燃油税节能减排效应具有时间稳定性,购置税减排效果具有很大的波动性。从税制福利效应来看,组合税制的税收效应更多地向消费者市场转移。总的来看,燃油税与购置税的组合税政策并未实现“1+1＞ 2”的效应,未来减排工作的核心应在于通过调整和匹配税率,以实现组合税最优的政策效果。     

阳极初始电势对微生物燃料电池产电的影响

在微生物燃料电池中,阳极电势会对产电菌的富集和生长产生影响.为进一步明确阳极电势的作用,确定适合微生物生长的最佳阳极电势,在微生物燃料电池的阳极室中设置附加电路以改变阳极的初始电势,考察阳极初始电势对产电微生物的影响.将阳极初始电势设为350 mV时,产电微生物的生长明显变慢.而阳极初始电势为-200 mV和200 mV时,微生物的生长速度基本相同.稳定运行后,阳极初始电势分别为350、200和-200 mV的微生物燃料电池,阳极内阻分别为71、43和80 Ω.通过变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析微生物燃料电池稳定产电前后阳极微生物群落结构,虽然3个微生物燃料电池的阳极初始电势不同,但稳定后微生物群落结构相似,Clostridium sticklandii、Pseudomonas mendocina、Paenibacillus taejonensis在阳极的富集量最多,MFC对这3种细菌的强化富集作用最明显.     

氧四环素的微生物燃料电池处理及微生物群落

氧四环素(OTC)作为一种广谱性抗生素而被大量使用,其滥用不仅直接破坏生态系统,更容易引起微生物耐药性和抗性基因污染等问题.本研究利用微生物燃料电池(MFC)处理OTC,研究OTC在MFC不同运行时期的去除率变化情况,发现在运行150 d后,MFC对10 mg·L-1OTC的去除率在132 h达到99.0%.利用高通量测序技术分析并比较了原始接种猪粪与运行150 d后MFC阳极生物膜的微生物群落结构,发现厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)处于优势地位,但相比于原始接种猪粪,MFC生物膜上的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的丰度从2.84%提高至8.92%~22.75%,此外,真细菌属(Eubacterium)的比例从几乎为0.00%显著提高至20.49%~49.00%.根据现有研究报道,Eubacterium spp.对多种氧杂环芳香族化合物具有一定的生物降解能力,本研究表明Eubacterium spp.可能是一类具有较强OTC降解能力的功能微生物.