基于FLACS CFD的不同气油比油气混输管道泄漏火灾后果对比

不同气油比的油气混输管道泄漏后果危害形式和风险差异的准确判断对于管道泄漏应急处置至关重要。以中国西部某油田集输管道为研究对象,针对不同气油比管道泄漏的火灾危害进行了对比分析,构建了FLACS CFD模型,并研究了油气混输管道原油泄漏形成池火的火灾特征和影响范围,以及天然气泄漏形成喷射火的高温分布和影响规律。研究结果表明:应急处置应考虑不同气油比下池火与喷射火危害的差异。在油气混输管线泄漏10 min形成稳定火焰的场景中,气油比低于100 m3/t时,原油池火为火灾危险的主要影响因素;气油比高于200 m3/t时,天然气喷射火为主要影响因素;气油比超过250 m3/t,高温覆盖距离不再明显增加;40 m为此场景下混输油气泄漏喷射火致死距离上限,120 m为温度影响上限。     

Performance and recent improvement in microbial fuel cells for simultaneous carbon and nitrogen removal: A review

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have become a promising technology for wastewater treatment accompanying electricity generation. Carbon and nitrogen removal can be achieved by utilizing the electron transfer between the anode and cathode in an MFC. However, large-scale power production and high removal efficiency must be achieved at a low cost to make MFCs practical and economically competitive in the future. This article reviews the principles, feasibility and bottlenecks of MFCs for simultaneous carbon and nitrogen removal, the recent advances and prospective strategies for performance improvement, as well as the involved microbes and electron transfer mechanisms.     

Driver injury severity related to inclement weather at highway–rail grade crossings in the United States

Objective: Previous studies on crash modeling at highway–rail grade crossings were aimed at exploring the factors that are likely to increase the crash frequencies at highway–rail grade crossings. In recent years, modeling driver's injury severity at highway–rail grade crossings has received interest. Because there were substantial differences among different weather conditions for driver's injury severity, this study attempts to explore the impact of weather influence on driver injury at highway–rail grade crossing.

Method: Utilizing the most recent 10 years (2002–2011) of highway–rail grade crossing accident data, this study applied a mixed logit model to explore the determinants of driver injury severity under different weather conditions at highway–rail grade crossing.

Results: Analysis results indicate that drivers' injury severity at highway–rail grade crossings is strongly different for different weather conditions. It was found that the factors significantly impacting driver injury severity at highway–rail grade crossings include motor vehicle speed, train speed, driver's age, gender, area type, lighting condition, highway pavement, traffic volume, and time of day.

Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that crashes are more prevalent if vehicle drivers are driving at high speed or the oncoming trains are high speed. Hence, a reduction in speed limit during inclement weather conditions could be particularly effective in moderating injury severity, allowing more reaction time for last-minute maneuvering and braking in moments before impacts. In addition, inclement weather-related crashes were more likely to occur in open areas and highway–rail grade crossings without pavement and lighting. Paved highway–rail grade crossings with installation of lights could be particularly effective in moderating injury severity.     

湿地植物-沉积物微生物燃料电池阳极微生物群落多样性研究

阳极微生物种类及群落结构都会对微生物燃料电池的产电及底泥修复效果产生显著影响,因此,对微生物燃料电池阳极微生物群落多样性进行研究分析显得尤为重要.本研究利用风车草(Clinopodium Urticifolium)或短叶茳芏(Cyperus Malaccensis)两种植物结合受污染河涌底泥构建了湿地植物-沉积物微生物燃料电池(P-SMFC),同时构建无植物的沉积物微生物燃料电池(SMFC)作为对照,共3个电极处理组,每组3个平行.系统运行7个月后,分析其产电特性,并利用高通量测序对3个电极处理组生物膜微生物群落多样性进行分析,以探讨P-SMFC产电特性、阳极生物膜群落多样性及不同处理组之间群落结构的差异.结果表明,3个处理组中微生物群落结构存在明显差异,风车草和短叶茳芏两种植物的引入均会对微生物燃料电池系统中的细菌及古菌群落结构产生影响.植物的存在一方面有助于阳极生物膜各类细菌及古菌的生长,另一方面植物也有助于产电系统中阳极生物膜细菌及古菌群落多样性的增加,且风车草相比短叶茳芏而言,更能增加系统的古菌群落的多样性.在细菌群落分析中,3个处理组中都以变形菌门Proteobacteria为优势菌群,其次为绿弯菌门Chloroflexi,在所有菌属中以土杆菌属Geobacter的相对丰度最高,分别为PSM1处理组11.50%、SM处理组14.33%、PSM2处理组8.53%,为其优势菌属,但P-SMFC中该菌属的丰度相对较低.在古菌群落分析中,3个处理组中都以广古菌门Euryarchaeota的相对丰度最高,分别为PSM1处理组79.83%、SM处理组80.20%、PSM2处理组81.67%,成为优势菌门,其中以甲烷八叠球菌目Methanosarcinales的Methanosaeta属、甲烷杆菌目Methanobacteriales的Candidatus Methanoregula属的相对丰度最高,为其优势菌属.且Methanosaeta的相对丰度分别达到PSM1处理组21.43%、SM处理组25.00%、PSM2处理组23.16%,P-SMFC处理组的丰度相对较低;Candidatus Methanoregula的相对丰度分别为PSM1处理组13.05%、SM处理组11.73%、PSM2处理组16.02%,P-SMFC处理组的丰度相对较高.     

生活垃圾制备衍生燃料(RDF-5)——以重庆市为例

以重庆市生活垃圾为例,通过分选、破碎和干燥预处理后,得到以塑料、纸类、竹木、织物和厨余为主要成分的制备衍生燃料(RDF-5)的原料,测试了不同含水率和成型压力条件下制得的RDF-5的理化性质.结果表明,原料含水率为8%,成型压力为10 MPa时,RDF-5的延展率和耐性指数良好,便于贮存和运输.燃烧试验表明,RDF-5燃烧后灰渣的热灼减率满足《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB 18485—2014)的要求(5%).另外,根据2006 IPCC国家温室气体名录导则和生命周期评价(LCA),制备RDF-5对温室气体排放贡献为455.92 g·kg-1RDF-5(以CO2当量计).     

Fuel cell system with sodium borohydride hydrogen generator for small unmanned aerial vehicles

A 100 W proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system with a sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) hydrogen generator was investigated for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The performance of a cobalt–phosphorous/nickel foam catalyst was evaluated to determine the change in catalytic activity under real operating conditions. The response time increased owing to oxidation of the metals and accumulation of sodium; however, the catalyst remained active at high reaction temperatures. A NaBH₄ hydrogen generator with the catalyst was developed for a 100 W PEMFC system. The hydrogen generation rate was stable for 3 h, and the conversion efficiency was 97.8%. Finally, a 100 W PEMFC system with the NaBH₄ hydrogen generator was investigated for small UAVs. The maximum power and energy density of the PEMFC system were 95.96 W and 185.2 Wh/kg, respectively.     

Prediction of dissolved gases content in power transformer oil using BASA-based mixed kernel RVR model

In this paper, beetle antennae search algorithm-based mixed kernel relevance vector regression (BASA-MkRVR) model is presented and applied to predict the dissolved gases content in power transformer, and beetle antennae search algorithm (BASA) is used to select the appropriate kernel parameters and controlled parameter. The RVR model with RBF kernel (RBFRVR) and the RVR model with Sigmoid kernel (SigmoidRVR) are, respectively, used to compare with the proposed BASA-MkRVR model in order to testify the superiority of BASA-MkRVR compared with RBFRVR and SigmoidRVR. The experimental results indicate that BASA-MkRVR has more excellent prediction ability for the dissolved gases content in power transformer oil than RBFRVR and SigmoidRVR.     

在线超声对膜-生物反应器活性污泥混合液性质的影响

采用在线超声控制膜-生物反应器的膜污染,通过测定活性污泥混合液絮体粒径、胞外多聚物含量、上清液有机物浓度、污泥浓度和黏度的变化,探讨了超声波对膜-生物反应器中活性污泥混合液性质的影响.结果表明:在线超声使污泥絮体破碎,其平均粒径与未施加超声波的系统相比降低约20μm左右;污泥胞外聚合物含量降低(28±5)mg·g-1左右,致使混合液上清液TOC增加;但同时超声波的施加可以降低污泥浓度和混合液黏度,使混合液膜过滤性得到改善,有助于膜污染的控制.     

不同材料包埋固定化厌氧氨氧化混培物

为探寻一条维持反应器中厌氧氨氧化混培物生物量的新途径,采用CMC、PVA、SA以及PVA.SA混合液等为包埋材料.对厌氧氨氧化混培物进行包埋固定,制成固定化小球.结果表明,4种包埋固定化小球均表现出较高的厌氧氨氧化活性,氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别达到100%和96%～98%,其中氨氯、亚硝酸盐氮去除量和硝酸盐氮生成量的比值在1:(1.142～1.252):(0.200～0.365)之间.4种包埋固定化小球的厌氧氨氧化活性排序为CMC小球>SA小球>PVA-SA小球>PVA小球.机械性能排序为PVA-SA小球>PVA小球>SA小球>CMC小球.PVA小球粘连现象严重,成球效果最差.综合评价PVA-SA为最佳的固定化材料.     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液与城镇污水合并处理生化试验研究

以上海老港垃圾填埋场四期填埋基地渗滤液原液及其整个填埋场垃圾渗滤波经氧化塘预处理后的出水为研究对象,分别以2．5％、5％、7．5％的比例与南汇区灶东泵站处城镇污水进行混合,采用好氧活性污泥法合并处理,对进出水的COD和NH3-N进行了测定分析。结果表明：当渗滤液混合比例≤5％时,出水的COD、NH3-N值能够达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918—2002）二级排放标准且不影响生物处理系统正常运行,为渗滤波与城镇污水合并处理的控制提供了一定的依据。