混合溶剂解吸土壤中多环芳烃的研究

对比了水溶性有机溶剂乙醇、正丙醇、丙酮、已戊醇和水对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的解吸效果,结果综合实验效果、安全性和经济等因素,主要采用了乙醇和戊醇作为混合试剂的主要成分。对比了乙醇、戊醇和水不同配比的混合试剂对土壤的解吸效果,最终选用混合试剂(5%戊醇+20%水+75%乙醇)研究污染土壤中PAHs的解吸行为,分别进行了解吸动力实验、分阶段解吸实验和pH值影响实验。结果表明,土壤中PAHs的解吸是一个快速反应,5h基本达到解吸平衡,高环物质(4～6环PAHs)比低环物质(2～3环PAHs)的解吸速率慢。分步解吸率表明,随着环数的增加,第一步解吸率逐渐降低,第二、三步的解吸率则逐渐增大,第二、三步的解吸作用对高环PAHs更为明显。pH值对混合溶剂解吸土壤中PAHs有显著影响,pH值在5 5～7之间时,对土壤中PAHs的解吸影响最明显,碱性环境(pH>7)有利于土壤中PAHs的解吸,酸性环境则不利于解吸实验的进行。     

MFC处理人工湿地生物堵塞物及同步产电研究

为探究MFC（microbial fuel cells,微生物燃料电池）对人工湿地（constructed wetland,CW）堵塞物EPS（extracellular polymeric substances,胞外聚合物）组分的处理效果和产电性能,构建双室MFC,设置闭路组（closed circuit MFC,MFC-C）和开路组（open circuit MFC,MFC-O）对EPS中的主要组分〔PN（protein,蛋白质）和PS（polysaccharide,多糖）〕及人工湿地堵塞物进行处理,分析底物类型、底物浓度和外阻（R_ex）对MFC系统产电性能的影响及系统对底物的处理效果.结果表明:①MFC系统的产电性能受底物类型、底物浓度及R_ex的影响较大,底物浓度增加1.5倍（由200 mg/L增至500 mg/L）时,MFC系统最大电压（V_max）增加5.8%（PN）,最大功率密度（P_max）分别增加188.30%（PN）和124.21%（PS）;保持底物类型和底物浓度不变,R_ex增加9倍（由100 Ω增至1 000 Ω）时,MFC的V_max分别增加110.26%（PN）和92.81%（PS）,P_max分别增加109.19%（PN）和7.51%（PS）.②PN可全部被阳极微生物利用,但同时阳极微生物会分泌PS,底物浓度增加1.5倍时,出水中ρ（PS）分别增加107.85%（MFC-C）和78.55%（MFC-O）;R_ex增加9倍时,ρ（PS）分别增加415.85%（MFC-C）和294.29%（MFC-O）;底物为PN时,出水中ρ（PS）均表现为MFC-C < MFC-O,说明MFC形成的微弱电场在一定程度上可抑制PS的分泌.③人工湿地堵塞物可作为MFC的底物,随着投加量的增加（除堵塞物投加量为0.500 g/L外）,V_max（约750 mV）变化不大,但电压稳定时间随投加量的增加而略有延长;堵塞物投加量为6.667 g/L时,MFC的P_max为12.25 mW/m2,内阻（R_int）为1 112.5 Ω,MFC产电性能下降.研究显示,人工湿地堵塞物EPS可以作为MFC的阳极底物并同步实现能源回收.      

离子液体[TETAH]+[BF4]--乙二醇混合体系吸收CO2的实验研究

以三乙烯四胺(TETA)为阳离子前驱体、氟硼酸(HBF_4)为阴离子前驱体制备多胺基离子液体[TETAH]~+[BF_4]~-,并与助溶剂乙二醇(EG)按一定计量比组成[TETAH]~+[BF_4]~--EG混合体系.实验考察了离子液体的浓度、吸收温度和气体流量等对该混合体系吸收CO_2性能的影响.结果表明,当[TETAH]~+[BF_4]~-的浓度为20%,吸收温度为15℃,气体流量为200 mL·min~(-1)时,该混合体系对CO_2的吸收容量达到1.50 mol·mol~(-1)(以每mol离子液体吸收的CO_2量(mol)计,下同);离子液体的浓度、CO_2流量和温度均会影响该混合体系达到吸收平衡的时间.同时,该混合体系对CO_2的吸收容量均高于[TETAH]~+[BF_4]~-和EG单独吸收CO_2的容量,这表明离子液体[TETAH]~+[BF_4]~-与助溶剂EG之间存在某种协同作用.另外,该混合体系具有良好的再生性能,在80℃的条件下经过5次吸收-解吸循环实验后的吸收摩尔分率为1.00 mol·mol~(-1),性能下降仅为33.3%.     

基于混合效应模型的京津冀地区PM2.5日浓度估算

利用2016年182d的MODIS 3km AOD数据与地面监测数据,评估了混合效应模型不同参数组合的模拟性能,得出模型在解释AOD-PM_2.5关系时,对时间序列变异的解释能力要比空间差异更佳.在此基础上,利用混合效应模型建立京津冀地区每日的AOD-PM_2.5关系,模型拟合R²为0.92,交叉验证调整R²为0.85,均方根误差（RMSE）为12.30 μg/m³,平均绝对误差（MAE）为9.73 μg/m³,说明模型拟合精度较高.基于此模型估算的2016年京津冀地区年均PM_2.5浓度为42.98 μg/m³,暖季（4月1日~10月31日）为43.35 μg/m³,冷季（11月1日~3月31日）为38.52 μg/m³,与同时期的地面监测数据差值分别为0.59,0.7,5.29 μg/m³.空间上,京津冀地区的PM_2.5浓度呈现南高北低的特征,有一条明显的西南-东北走向的高值区.研究结果表明,基于每日混合效应模型可以准确评估京津冀地区的地面PM_2.5浓度,且模型估算的PM_2.5浓度分布状况为区域大气污染防治提供了基础的数据支撑.     

沉积物产电信号原位在线监测水体铜污染研究

采用一种新型沉积物-微生物燃料电池(Sediment Microbial Fuel Cells,SMFCs)装置,探索产电信号原位在线监测湿地水体Cu~(2+)污染的可行性.采集水稻土装入烧杯并淹水以模拟湿地环境.将SMFCs装置的阳极不锈钢管插入水稻土,阴极淹没在上覆水中进行产电.采用数据采集卡在线记录电压.产电30 min后,分别向阴极附近的上覆水中加入5 mL Cu~(2+)浓度为50、100、200和400 mg·L~(-1)的CuSO_4溶液,对照加入5 mL去离子水,每个浓度处理设置两个平行.Cu~(2+)加入后,电压迅速上升并在30 s内达到峰值,之后随着Cu~(2+)扩散和被土壤吸附,电压回落并保持稳定.将加铜前30 min电压平均值作为基准电压,用加铜后的电压峰值减去基准电压得到电压增量.结果显示,电压增量与加入的Cu~(2+)浓度呈现显著正相关关系.为揭示相关机制,检测了CuSO_4溶液理化性质,并对加铜后SMFCs装置的阳极和阴极电荷传递电阻进行测定、对优势产电细菌梭菌属(Clostridium)和地杆菌科(Geobacteraceae)细菌16S rRNA基因进行定量.结果表明,Cu~(2+)促进阴极反应,是引起电压升高的主要原因.而底泥的吸附作用减弱了Cu~(2+)对产电细菌的抑制,保证了Cu~(2+)污染事件后产电信号恢复稳定.     

Prediction of dissolved gases content in power transformer oil using BASA-based mixed kernel RVR model

In this paper, beetle antennae search algorithm-based mixed kernel relevance vector regression (BASA-MkRVR) model is presented and applied to predict the dissolved gases content in power transformer, and beetle antennae search algorithm (BASA) is used to select the appropriate kernel parameters and controlled parameter. The RVR model with RBF kernel (RBFRVR) and the RVR model with Sigmoid kernel (SigmoidRVR) are, respectively, used to compare with the proposed BASA-MkRVR model in order to testify the superiority of BASA-MkRVR compared with RBFRVR and SigmoidRVR. The experimental results indicate that BASA-MkRVR has more excellent prediction ability for the dissolved gases content in power transformer oil than RBFRVR and SigmoidRVR.     

湿地植物-沉积物微生物燃料电池阳极微生物群落多样性研究

阳极微生物种类及群落结构都会对微生物燃料电池的产电及底泥修复效果产生显著影响,因此,对微生物燃料电池阳极微生物群落多样性进行研究分析显得尤为重要.本研究利用风车草(Clinopodium Urticifolium)或短叶茳芏(Cyperus Malaccensis)两种植物结合受污染河涌底泥构建了湿地植物-沉积物微生物燃料电池(P-SMFC),同时构建无植物的沉积物微生物燃料电池(SMFC)作为对照,共3个电极处理组,每组3个平行.系统运行7个月后,分析其产电特性,并利用高通量测序对3个电极处理组生物膜微生物群落多样性进行分析,以探讨P-SMFC产电特性、阳极生物膜群落多样性及不同处理组之间群落结构的差异.结果表明,3个处理组中微生物群落结构存在明显差异,风车草和短叶茳芏两种植物的引入均会对微生物燃料电池系统中的细菌及古菌群落结构产生影响.植物的存在一方面有助于阳极生物膜各类细菌及古菌的生长,另一方面植物也有助于产电系统中阳极生物膜细菌及古菌群落多样性的增加,且风车草相比短叶茳芏而言,更能增加系统的古菌群落的多样性.在细菌群落分析中,3个处理组中都以变形菌门Proteobacteria为优势菌群,其次为绿弯菌门Chloroflexi,在所有菌属中以土杆菌属Geobacter的相对丰度最高,分别为PSM1处理组11.50%、SM处理组14.33%、PSM2处理组8.53%,为其优势菌属,但P-SMFC中该菌属的丰度相对较低.在古菌群落分析中,3个处理组中都以广古菌门Euryarchaeota的相对丰度最高,分别为PSM1处理组79.83%、SM处理组80.20%、PSM2处理组81.67%,成为优势菌门,其中以甲烷八叠球菌目Methanosarcinales的Methanosaeta属、甲烷杆菌目Methanobacteriales的Candidatus Methanoregula属的相对丰度最高,为其优势菌属.且Methanosaeta的相对丰度分别达到PSM1处理组21.43%、SM处理组25.00%、PSM2处理组23.16%,P-SMFC处理组的丰度相对较低;Candidatus Methanoregula的相对丰度分别为PSM1处理组13.05%、SM处理组11.73%、PSM2处理组16.02%,P-SMFC处理组的丰度相对较高.     

Fuel cell system with sodium borohydride hydrogen generator for small unmanned aerial vehicles

A 100 W proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system with a sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) hydrogen generator was investigated for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The performance of a cobalt–phosphorous/nickel foam catalyst was evaluated to determine the change in catalytic activity under real operating conditions. The response time increased owing to oxidation of the metals and accumulation of sodium; however, the catalyst remained active at high reaction temperatures. A NaBH₄ hydrogen generator with the catalyst was developed for a 100 W PEMFC system. The hydrogen generation rate was stable for 3 h, and the conversion efficiency was 97.8%. Finally, a 100 W PEMFC system with the NaBH₄ hydrogen generator was investigated for small UAVs. The maximum power and energy density of the PEMFC system were 95.96 W and 185.2 Wh/kg, respectively.     

Driver injury severity related to inclement weather at highway–rail grade crossings in the United States

Objective: Previous studies on crash modeling at highway–rail grade crossings were aimed at exploring the factors that are likely to increase the crash frequencies at highway–rail grade crossings. In recent years, modeling driver's injury severity at highway–rail grade crossings has received interest. Because there were substantial differences among different weather conditions for driver's injury severity, this study attempts to explore the impact of weather influence on driver injury at highway–rail grade crossing.

Method: Utilizing the most recent 10 years (2002–2011) of highway–rail grade crossing accident data, this study applied a mixed logit model to explore the determinants of driver injury severity under different weather conditions at highway–rail grade crossing.

Results: Analysis results indicate that drivers' injury severity at highway–rail grade crossings is strongly different for different weather conditions. It was found that the factors significantly impacting driver injury severity at highway–rail grade crossings include motor vehicle speed, train speed, driver's age, gender, area type, lighting condition, highway pavement, traffic volume, and time of day.

Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that crashes are more prevalent if vehicle drivers are driving at high speed or the oncoming trains are high speed. Hence, a reduction in speed limit during inclement weather conditions could be particularly effective in moderating injury severity, allowing more reaction time for last-minute maneuvering and braking in moments before impacts. In addition, inclement weather-related crashes were more likely to occur in open areas and highway–rail grade crossings without pavement and lighting. Paved highway–rail grade crossings with installation of lights could be particularly effective in moderating injury severity.     

生活垃圾制备衍生燃料(RDF-5)——以重庆市为例

以重庆市生活垃圾为例,通过分选、破碎和干燥预处理后,得到以塑料、纸类、竹木、织物和厨余为主要成分的制备衍生燃料(RDF-5)的原料,测试了不同含水率和成型压力条件下制得的RDF-5的理化性质.结果表明,原料含水率为8%,成型压力为10 MPa时,RDF-5的延展率和耐性指数良好,便于贮存和运输.燃烧试验表明,RDF-5燃烧后灰渣的热灼减率满足《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB 18485—2014)的要求(5%).另外,根据2006 IPCC国家温室气体名录导则和生命周期评价(LCA),制备RDF-5对温室气体排放贡献为455.92 g·kg-1RDF-5(以CO2当量计).