涡轮发动机喷气燃料低温性和贮存性改善研究

导弹用涡轮发动机采用的喷气燃料要求具有良好的耐低温性能和贮存性能。文中介绍了工程应用领域中通过对普通燃料脱水、脱氧精制成的一种低温性和贮存性都较优的油封燃料,该项措施在国内相关领域具有一定的创新性。     

微生物燃料电池在废水处理中的应用

微生物燃料电池(MFC)利用微生物催化剂将其代谢能直接转化为电能,具有原料广泛、反应条件温和、清洁高效等优点。目前该领域仍处于实验阶段,研究用于污水处理的MFC的性能及其影响因素,对其实际应用有重要的指导意义。本研究以厌氧活性污泥为菌源,醋酸钠为底物,考察影响微生物燃料电池(MFC)处理模拟有机废水的主要因素及处理效果。结果表明:该MFC在产电的同时净化废水,其输出功率密度、产电量与初始COD呈函数关系,混合菌群可降低反应初期溶解氧对COD去除率和pH的影响。     

微生物燃料电池用于废水能源化的研究进展

微生物燃料电池能将废水中有机物的化学能转换成电能,在完成污染去除的同时实现能量回收,是一种新型的环境生物电化学技术。文章介绍了微生物燃料电池的工作原理,系统地总结了微生物燃料电池的技术体系构成要素,从电极构造、产电微生物、质子交换膜、反应器设计等方面阐述了微生物燃料电池研究现状与存在问题。针对微生物燃料电池在未来工程应用要求,指出反应器构型设计、生物电化学技术耦合等为未来研究重点。     

垃圾筛上物衍生燃料(RDF)粘结剂筛选

分别以5%的煤粉、CaO、污泥、电石渣作为添加剂,制备的垃圾RDF成型率和落下强度优于未添加对照组,RDF热值、储存性能均高于原垃圾,其中:RDF成型率和落下强度以电石渣最高,分别为90%和81.8%。热值以添加煤粉最高,达15899.2kJ/kg以上。原垃圾筛上物经过4周的储存后,产生1590mL渗滤液、挥发分含量减少了20.23%,臭度为五级,而RDF中均无渗滤液产生、挥发分无变化、臭味强度降为1级以下。灰色关联度计算结果表明:电石渣>煤粉>污泥>CaO,因此,电石渣是最佳粘结剂。     

Real-world fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions of light-duty diesel vehicles and their correlation with road conditions

The real-world fuel efficiency and exhaust emission profiles of CO, HC and NO_x for light-duty diesel vehicles were investigated. Using a portable emissions measurement system, 16 diesel taxies were tested on different roads in Macao and the data were normalized with the vehicle specific power bin method. The 11 Toyota Corolla diesel taxies have very good fuel economy of (5.9 ± 0.6) L/100 km, while other five diesel taxies showed relatively high values at (8.5 ± 1.7) L/100 km due to the variation in transmission systems and emission control strategies. Compared to similar Corolla gasoline models, the diesel cars confirmed an advantage of ca. 20% higher fuel efficiency. HC and CO emissions of all the 16 taxies are quite low, with the average at (0.05 ± 0.02) g/km and (0.38 ± 0.15) g/km, respectively. The average NO_x emission factor of the 11 Corolla taxies is (0.56 ± 0.17) g/km, about three times higher than their gasoline counterparts. Two of the three Hyundai Sonata taxies, configured with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) + diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) emission control strategies, indicated significantly higher NO₂ emissions and NO₂/NO_x ratios than other diesel taxies and consequently trigger a concern of possibly adverse impacts on ozone pollution in urban areas with this technology combination. A clear and similar pattern for fuel consumption and for each of the three gaseous pollutant emissions with various road conditions was identified. To save energy and mitigate CO₂ emissions as well as other gaseous pollutant emissions in urban area, traffic planning also needs improvement.     

葫芦岛市生物质能燃料改善大气环境的探讨

分散在中小城市的小型洗浴锅炉,点多面广,锅炉燃料经历了原煤散烧、型煤、焦碳等不同阶段。虽然对其燃烧过程及其排放烟气进行了严格的管理、治理,但是燃烧产生的烟尘浓度、黑度、SO2经常超标排放,严重污染了大气环境质量。结合这种现状,通过改造锅炉结构,燃烧生物质颗粒燃料,实现了洗浴锅炉各种大气污染物达标排放,解决了市区四处冒黑烟的问题,改善了大气环境质量。     

湿污泥热解制取富氢燃气影响因素研究

采用管式炉热解装置,在700～1000℃温度范围内对不同含水率的生物污泥进行中高温常压热解实验,研究了加热模式、热解终温、物料含水率及升温速率对热解产物产率及气相产物组成的影响规律.结果表明:待温度达到设定温度后,迅速将物料送入反应区的加热模式有利于得到高品质燃气;高温能减少固体碳和焦油的生成,促进富氢气体产生;同时,随着物料含水率的增加,氢气体积分数从17%提高到36%,当含水率为84%时,H2+CO的含量(体积分数)达到最大值;提高热解升温速率能使气相产物产率得到相应增加.湿污泥在高温条件下进行的快速热解过程,一次性完成了污泥干燥、热解和气化,更有利于氢气组分和其他可燃气体的生成,所得气体热值高达12MJ.m-3以上.     

剩余污泥为燃料的微生物燃料电池产电特性研究

利用厌氧污泥作为接种体在不加入任何营养元素的条件下,经过20　d成功地启动了单室无膜微生物燃料电池.启动成功后对剩余污泥作为燃料产电特性以及底物的变化进行了研究.结果表明,微生物燃料电池产生的最大电压为495　mV(外电阻为1 000　Ω),最大功率密度达到44 mW·m^-2,稳定期间内阻约为300　Ω.在1个运行周期中,污泥SS和VSS的去除率分别为27.3%和28.7%,pH值的变化范围为6.5～8.0, COD的起始浓度为617 mg·L^-1,浓度随时间的增加而增大并稳定在1 150 mg·L^-1左右,随后逐渐下降,糖的起始浓度为47 mg·L^-1,逐渐增大到60 mg·L^-1之后浓度逐渐下降.微生物燃料电池可以将剩余污泥中的化学能转化为最清洁的电能,为污泥资源化提供了新的思路.     

1株产电假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)RE7的分离及特性研究

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)阳极微生物的种类和作用机制对MFC的产电性能有着重要的影响.从已稳定运行1a的MFC的阳极室分离得到1株电化学活性革兰氏阴性细菌——菌株RE7,其16SrRNA基因序列与Pseudomonas aeruginosastrain CMG587有99%同源性,属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).利用菌株RE7构建的MFC的稳定产电和循环伏安曲线测定结果都表明,菌株RE7具有较强的电化学活性,利用菌株RE7构建的MFC的最大输出电压为352mV,相应的最大面积功率密度为69.2mW/m2,体积最大功率密度为6.2W/m3.由不同稀释比例的MFC排出液的产电效果比较可知,菌株RE7极有可能是通过自身分泌的氧化还原类物质进行电子传递.     

Total pollution effect of urban surface runoff

For pollution research with regard to urban surface runo , most sampling strategies to date have focused on di erences in land usage. With single land-use sampling, total surface runo pollution e ect cannot be evaluated unless every land usage spot is monitored. Through a new sampling strategy known as mixed stormwater sampling for a street community at discharge outlet adjacent to river, this study assessed the total urban surface runo pollution e ect caused by a variety of land uses and the pollutants washed o from the rain pipe system in the Futian River watershed in Shenzhen City of China. The water quality monitoring indices were COD (chemical oxygen demand), TSS (total suspend solid), TP (total phosphorus), TN (total nitrogen) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand). The sums of total pollution loads discharged into the river for the four indices of COD, TSS, TN, and TP over all seven rainfall events were very di erent. The mathematical model for simulating total pollution loads was established from discharge outlet mixed stormwater sampling of total pollution loads on the basis of four parameters: rainfall intensity, total land area, impervious land area, and pervious land area. In order to treat surface runo pollution, the values of MFF30 (mass first flush ratio) and FF30 (first 30% of runo volume) can be considered as split-flow control criteria to obtain more e ective and economical design of structural BMPs (best management practices) facilities.