Microbial fuel cell with three-dimensional electrodes for domestic wastewater treatment and electricity generation北大核心CSCD

A single chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) with three-dimensional electrodes packed bed carbon felts was developed to treat domestic wastewater while simultaneously generating electricity. The influence of batch and continuous operation mode on treatment effectiveness and electricity production of the MFC was investigated to provide a reference for the application of the MFC. The MFC with a total working volume of 1 440 mL was operated in the fed-batch mode for 5 d repeatedly three times, and then shifted to the continuous mode. During the testing of the continuous mode, wastewater was continuously pumped into the anode compartment at a flow rate of approximately 0.2 mL/min, resulting in a hydraulic retention time of 5 d. During the batch test, the MFC obtained 91.1% chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 98.2% NH4 +-N removal, which accorded with the first criteria specified in the discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plants in China (GB18918-2002). A maximum power density of 27.88 mW/m3 was achieved at a 51 Ω external resistor. During the continuous test, the COD removal efficiencies ranged from 83.2% to 97.4%. The concentration of NH4 +-N gradually decreased within 5 d and was then maintained below 9.45 mg/L, thus an enhanced removal performance of NH4 +-N was acquired. However, a low removal efficiency of total nitrogen was observed owing to the accumulation of NO3 --N in the effluent since day 11. Additionally, the MFC continually generated electricity with a maximum power density of 582.5 mW/m3 and average output voltage of 0.087 7 V during the stable period in the continuous operation mode. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing showed that Thauera sp., Saprospiraceae-UN sp., and OPB56-UN sp. were identified as dominant populations. The results suggested that the organic matter associated with power generation was constantly utilized by the microorganisms in the reactor, which caused an excellent electricity generation performance during the continuous test. Therefore, the continuous operation mode could improve the low output voltage phenomenon in the MFC. Thauera sp., as a type of nitrate-reducing bacteria, was enriched in the autotrophic denitrifying microbial communities; therefore, bio-enrichment with denitrifying bacteria such as Thauera sp. could decrease the concentration of NO3 --N in the effluent during the continuous operation mode, which is expected to be an innovation for improvement of wastewater treatment. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Evaluating institutional fit for the conservation of threatened species

Recovery and conservation of threatened species require adequate institutional responses. We tested an approach to systematically identify and measure how an institutional framework acknowledges threats and required responses for the recovery of endangered species. We measured institutional functional fit with a drivers-pressure-state-impacts-response (DPSIR) model integrated with a quantitative text mining method and qualitative analysis of statutory instruments to examine regulatory responses that support the recovery of 2 endangered species native to Australia, the bridled nailtail wallaby (Onychogalea fraenata) and the Eastern Bristlebird (Dasyornis brachypterus). The key components of the DPSIR model were present in the institutional framework at statutory and operational levels, but some institutional gaps remained in the protection and recovery of the Eastern Bristlebird, including feral predator control, weed control, and grazing management in some locations. However, regulatory frameworks varied in their geographic scope and the application and implementation of many instruments remained optional. Quantitative text mining can be used to quickly navigate a large volume of regulatory documents, but challenges remain in selection of terms, queries of co-occurrence, and interpretation of word frequency counts. To inform policy, we recommend that quantitative assessments of institutional fit be complemented with qualitative analysis and interpreted in light of the sociopolitical and institutional context.     

燃油流量对防火试验火焰特征的影响

为了研究燃油流量对防火试验火焰特征的影响,为防火试验方案的设计提供参考和指导,采用Ansys Fluent软件对NexGen燃烧器进行三维定常数值模拟,分析了不同燃油流量条件下的火焰特征。结果表明:燃油流量对火焰最高温度和火焰形状几乎没有影响,但对火焰长度、监测面上温度分布、7个测量点的平均温度和热流密度有很大影响,通过分析各燃油流量条件下的火焰特征,发现当空气流量为35.8 g/s时,燃油流量在2.0~2.11 g/s——即余气系数为1.15~1.22时,能够用于防火试验。     

双压入贴附送风在高温巷道掘进中的降温规律研究

为量化研究高温矿井深部开采掘进巷道在抽压混合通风中设备布置及风量分配对降温效果的影响规律问题,利用AN-SYS-FLUENT软件数值模拟掘进巷道通风降温模型.首先,提出双压入式混合贴附通风降温思路,并分别建立传统抽压混合通风与双压入式混合通风的巷道三维几何模型;然后,进行6组不同设备布置及风量分配的降温方案对比实验;最...     

Carrousel氧化沟处理工业和生活混合污水的应用

昌邑城西污水处理厂根据工业和生活混合污水的水质特点及进水量,选用Carrousel氧化沟处理工艺,并在氧化沟前增设厌氧池和缺氧池,提高脱氮除磷的效果。工程调试及运行的实践表明,该工艺运行稳定且处理效果好,出水水质达到GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的二级标准。     

牡丹皮、川芎和石菖蒲挥发油提取工艺研究

目的确定牡丹皮、川芎和石菖蒲挥发油最适宜的提取工艺方法．方法用共水回流冷凝法研究了三种药材混合提取及分开提取挥发油的工艺方法,以挥发油的重量为指标来评价提取工艺．结果混合提取及分开提取所获得的挥发油的重量,经统计学分析无显著性差异（P〉0．05）．结论共水回流冷凝法混合提取牡丹皮、川芎和石菖蒲挥发油的工艺可行、简便,适合工业化大生产．表5,参3     

A mini-microbial fuel cell for voltage testing of exoelectrogenic bacteria

Current methods for testing the electricity generation capacity of isolates are time- and labor-consuming. This paper presents a rapid voltage testing system of exoelectrogenic bacteria called Quickscreen, which is based on a microliter microbial fuel cell (MFC). Geobacter sulfurreducens and Shewanella baltica were used as the model exoelectrogenic bacteria; Escherichia coli that cannot generate electricity was used as a negative control. It was found that the electricity generation capacity of the isolates could be determined within about five hours by using Quickscreen, and that its time was relatively rapid compared with the time needed by using larger MFCs. A parallel, stable, and low background voltage was achieved using titanium as a current collector in the blank run. The external resistance had little impact on the blank run during the initial period. The cathode with a five-hole configuration, used to hydrate the carbon cathode, gave higher cathode potential than that with a one-hole configuration. Steady discharge and current interrupt methods showed that the anode mostly contributed to the large internal resistance of the Quickscreen system. However, the addition of graphite felt decreased the resistance from 18 to 5 kΩ. This device was proved to be useful to rapidly evaluate the electricity generation capacity of different bacteria.     

发展洁净煤技术保护大气环境

分析了能源市场的构成以及污染大气的主要来源－煤烟型燃料,认为在我国现阶段的能源市场中以煤炭为主的能源结构将在相当长的时间内难以改革。欲改善和预防大气污染。就必须改变落后的用煤技术,大力发展洁净煤技术才有望从根本上改善大气污染的局面,在发展经济,提高经济效益和社会效益的同时确保大气环境质量的改善。     

One-step ball milling-prepared nano Fe2O3 and nitrogen-doped graphene with high oxygen reduction activity and its application in microbial fuel cells

• Nano Fe₂O₃ and N-doped graphene was prepared via a one-step ball milling method. • The maximum power density of Fe-N-G in MFC was 390% of that of pristine graphite. • Active sites like nano Fe₂O₃, pyridinic N and Fe-N groups were formed in Fe-N-G. • The improvement of Fe-N-G was due to full exposure of active sites on graphene. Developing high activity, low-cost and long durability catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction is of great significance for the practical application of microbial fuel cells. The full exposure of active sites in catalysts can enhance catalytic activity dramatically. Here, novel Fe-N-doped graphene is successfully synthesized via a one-step in situ ball milling method. Pristine graphite, ball milling graphene, N-doped graphene and Fe-N-doped graphene are applied in air cathodes, and enhanced performance is observed in microbial fuel cells with graphene-based catalysts. Particularly, Fe-N-doped graphene achieves the highest oxygen reduction reaction activity, with a maximum power density of 1380±20 mW/m² in microbial fuel cells and a current density of 23.8 A/m² at –0.16 V in electrochemical tests, which are comparable to commercial Pt and 390% and 640% of those of pristine graphite. An investigation of the material characteristics reveals that the superior performance of Fe-N-doped graphene results from the full exposure of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles, pyrrolic N, pyridinic N and excellent Fe-N-G active sites on the graphene matrix. This work not only suggests the strategy of maximally exposing active sites to optimize the potential of catalysts but also provides promising catalysts for the use of microbial fuel cells in sustainable energy generation.     

温度对淀粉酶强化污泥为燃料微生物燃料电池的影响

采用单室无膜悬浮阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC),对比分析了温度变化对淀粉酶强化剩余污泥为燃料的MFC(ESMFC)产电特性和污泥减量化效果的影响.研究表明,在40℃时ESMFC最大功率密度相对于参照组(投加等量失活酶系统)功率密度输出增加最大,为94%;此时CE也最大,为9.2%。这主要是由于在此温度下淀粉酶对系统的促进作用更明显。在45℃时,ESMFC系统中污泥减量化效果最好.当运行温度为45℃时,ESMFC中TCOD去除率为87.2%,投加等量失活淀粉酶的ESMFC中TCOD去除率为55.7%;ESMFC中VSS/TSS从原泥中的67.34%下降到28.07%,对照组则下降到45.61%。此研究对投加淀粉酶的ESMFC实际应用具有一定指导意义。