甲硫醇降解菌群筛选及其降解特性研究

从处理甲硫醚(DMS)和丙硫醇(PT)混合废气的生物滴滤塔中富集出一组能够有效降解甲硫醇(MT)的混合菌群,并对其特性进行了系列研究.结果表明,该混合菌群能有效降解MT,菌群较为适宜的生长和降解条件为30℃、p H=7.0,在该条件下能将初始浓度为20 mg·L~(-1)的MT在70 h内降解完全.添加酵母膏(YE)后,MT降解速率进一步提高,降解所需时间缩短10 h.利用高通量测序技术分析混合菌群的群落结构,发现其中优势菌属为Pseudomonas sp.、Thiobacillus sp.和Acinetobacter sp.,所占比例分别为33.78%、21.91%和17.01%.中间产物检测结果表明,混合菌群降解MT的过程中产生了甲醛、H_2S、二甲基二硫醚(DMDS)等物质,推断MT的降解途径可能有如下2条:(1)MT在MT氧化酶作用下形成甲醛和H2S,随后氧化为SO_4~(2-);(2)MT依次转化为DMDS、DMS、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和二甲基砜(DMSO_2),最后经甲基磺酸(MSA)可生成SO_4~(2-).     

中国铝生命周期能耗与碳排放的情景分析及减排对策

铝工业是高能耗高排放工业,探索铝工业的节能减排路径有助于我国实现《巴黎协定》中的温室气体减排承诺.采用物质流分析和生命周期评价方法,基于存量水平、技术水平和能源结构设置了15种情景,研究了我国铝工业1990～2100年的能耗和碳排放量,探索不同路径下的节能减排潜力.我国铝在用存量将在2040～2050年达到峰值(4.6...     

Selection of appropriate organic additives for enhancing Zn and Cd phytoextraction by hyperaccumulators

Chelant-enhanced phytoextraction is one of the most promising technologies to remove heavy metals from soil. The key of the technology is to choose suitable additives in combination with a suitable plant. In the present study, laboratory batch experiment of metal solubilization, cress seeds germination were undertaken to investigate the metal-mobilizing capability and the phytotoxicity of organic additives, including ethylene diamine triacetic acid （EDTA）, citric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, glutamine and monosodium glutamate waste liquid （MGWL） from food industry. Experiments in pots were carried out to study the effects of the additives on Zn and Cd phytoextraction. Furthermore, a leaching experiment with lysimeter was performed to evaluate the environmental risks of additive-induced leaching to underground water. The results showed that EDTA had a strong mobilizing ability for Zn and Cd, followed by mixed reagent （MR） and MGWL. MGWL and acetic acid at 5 mmol equivalent per liter resulted in seed germination index less than 2%. Experiments in pots verified the phytotoxicity of acetic acid and MGWL. Addition of the mixed reagent at 6--10 mmol/kg significantly increased Zn phytoextraction by Thlaspi caerulescens. The same for EDTA and the mixed reagent at 10 mmol/kg by Sedum dfredii. But only mixed reagents could significantly increase Cd phytoextraction by the studied hyperaccumulators. This suggested that the strong chelant was not always the good agent to enhance phytoextraction. S. alfredii combined with 2--10 mmol/kg soil MR was preferred for phytoremediation of Cd/Zn contaminated soils in southern China, this could result in high phytoextraction of Cd/Zn and reduce the leaching risk to underground water than EDTA assisted phytoextration.     

侧向风速作用下聚氨酯泡沫双火源火蔓延研究

为探究环境风作用下逆向双点火源聚氨酯泡沫火蔓延及融合行为,开展多组对照实验并从材料传热机理角度分析侧向风速对火蔓延行为中火羽流形态、质量损失和辐射热流场等特征参数的影响。结果表明:风速与上述参数之间存在非线性关系。环境风效应使火焰被拉长且敷贴于预热区表面,增大预热区面积和热反馈;侧向风速的增加对FPU板材质量损失的影响逐渐弱化,且板材的熔滴率与风速呈正相关;无论侧向风是否存在,两侧逆向火焰融合后均达到整个蔓延过程中的峰值温度;风速的存在限制了火焰温度与辐射热通量峰值,也缩短了温度和辐射峰值出现的时间。     

屏蔽服冷却系统对人体表面温度影响的研究*

为科学有效地论证多种方式组合的冷却屏蔽服在不同环境条件下对人体表面温度控制的效果,需要对冷却系统及人体敏感部位发热量进行客观评估。通过对5名健康男性的高温测试,探究人体在不同环境温度下体表温度的变化,得出胸部、背部及额头为热量最高部位,并构建以“人体-降温屏蔽服-外界环境”为主体的冷却系统数值模型,对不同环境中的屏蔽服冷却效果展开研究,分析穿戴冷却屏蔽服时人体躯干部分的温度分布及影响。结果表明:在屏蔽服中靠近胸部、背部部位引入相变材料和风扇,均可帮助人体降低体温,提高舒适度。     

瓦斯抽采PC-CAS基封孔材料优化及其膨胀作用分析*

为了研制以硅酸盐/铝酸盐水泥、生石灰、生石膏为主的PC-CAS基封孔材料,采用正交试验优化材料配比、开展膨胀力研究,并用扫描电镜观测料-煤胶结形貌。研究结果表明:材料的最优配比为A2B2C4,其具备优良的流动性、强度及致密性,造浆量达2 100 mL/kg;PC-CAS基材料具有显著的膨胀性,其膨胀力随时间先增大而后趋于稳定,并且该膨胀力随着径向约束的提高而增大;相比于FP材料,PC-CAS基材料产生的膨胀力能够显著降低材料-煤岩界面的空隙并在一定程度上压密煤体内部的裂隙;该材料产生的膨胀力可压密封孔段围岩、提高封孔质量,并为后期“二次注浆”提供保压条件。工业试验结果表明,采用PC-CAS基材料进行封孔可显著改善抽采效果,将原有平均浓度10.11%提升至20.08%。     

Explosion suppression of porous materials in a pipe-connected spherical vessel

To study the suppression of different porous materials on the explosion of combustible gas, some experiments were implemented. The porous materials were categorized into three kinds, including six subcategories, and the explosion suppression characteristics of the thin iron hoop, one-layer porous materials, two-layer composite porous materials, and three-layer composite porous materials were studied and analyzed. The results show that a rarefaction wave appears in the spherical vessel during the rapid development stage of combustion explosion. Further, the thin iron hoop could enhance the gas explosion intensity. And the explosion intensity suppression effect of the porous materials is obvious, the best effects of one-layer, two-layer and three-layer porous materials are from Fe–Ni 10 mm/40 PPI, Fe–Ni 10 mm/90 PPI + Al₂O₃ 10 mm/30 PPI, and Al₂O₃ 10 mm/50 PPI + Fe–Ni 10 mm/40 PPI + SiC 20 mm/20 PPI, respectively. According to the surface morphology of the porous materials, the anti-sintering ability of the three categories of porous materials follows the order of Al₂O₃ > SiC > Fe–Ni. Besides, the thickness and pore size of the combined porous material was changed, which has a great influence on the explosion pressure and the explosion intensity.     

Assessing Spatial, Temporal, and Analytical Variation of Groundwater Chemistry in a Large Nuclear Complex, USA

Statistical analyses were applied at the Hanford Site, USA, to assess groundwater contamination problems that included (1) determining local backgrounds to ascertain whether a facility is affecting the groundwater quality and (2) determining a ‘pre-Hanford' groundwater background to allow formulation of background-based cleanup standards. The primary purpose of this paper is to extend the random effects models for (1) assessing the spatial, temporal, and analytical variability of groundwater background measurements; (2) demonstrating that the usual variance estimate s ², which ignores the variance components, is a biased estimator; (3) providing formulas for calculating the amount of bias; and (4) recommending monitoring strategies to reduce the uncertainty in estimating the average background concentrations. A case study is provided. Results indicate that (1) without considering spatial and temporal variability, there is a high probability of false positives, resulting in unnecessary remediation and/or monitoring expenses; (2) the most effective way to reduce the uncertainty in estimating the average background, and enhance the power of the statistical tests in general, is to increase the number of background wells; and (3) background for a specific constituent should be considered as a statistical distribution, not as a single value or threshold. The methods and the related analysis of variance tables discussed in this paper can be used as diagnostic tools in documenting the extent of inherent spatial and/or temporal variation and to help select an appropriate statistical method for testing purposes.     

铝材Sn-Ni混合盐电解着枪色参数研究

首先对铝片试样进行预处理,随后在恒定的电流密度和相同的氧化时间下,在铝材表面形成厚度均匀的阳极氧化膜,然后采用方波交流电,对铝试样进行电解着色处理,通过改变铝材电解着色工艺的着色时间、电流密度、正负电流比、占空比等因素来研究这些因素与铝材明度值和色差之间的关系。实验结果表明获得枪色的最佳工艺条件是:着色时间6m in左右,着色电流密度为1.40 A/dm2左右,正向电流比负向电流大7%左右,占空比55%左右。     

Reducing the Effects of Dredged Material Levees on Coastal Marsh Function: Sediment Deposition and Nekton Utilization

Dredged material levees in coastal Louisiana are normally associated with pipeline canals or, more frequently, canals dredged through the wetlands to allow access to drilling locations for mineral extraction. The hydrologic impact on marshes behind the levee is of concern to coastal resource managers because of the potential impact on sediment transport and deposition, and the effect on estuarine organism access to valuable nursery habitat. This study examined the effects of gaps in dredged material levees, compared to continuous levees and natural channel banks, on these two aspects of marsh function. Field studies for sediment deposition were conducted biweekly for a year, and nekton samples were collected in spring and fall. Variation in nekton density among study arears and landscape types was great in part because of the inherent sampling gear issues and in part because of differences in characteristics among areas. Nekton densities were generally greater in natural compared to leveed and gapped landscapes. Differences in landscape type did not explain patterns in sediment deposition. The gaps examined appear to be too restrictive of marsh flooding to provide efficient movements of floodwaters onto the marsh during moderate flooding events. The “trapping” effect of the levees increases sediment deposition during extreme events. Gapping material levees may be an effective method of partially restoring upper marsh connection to nekton, but this method may work best in lower elevation marshes where nekton use is greater.