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121.
水土流失既是资源问题,又是生态环境问题。土壤侵蚀对人类生存和发展构成了严重威胁,成为制约可持续发展的障碍因素。以鄂西北丹江口库区郧西县坡面径流小区为试验点,通过分析小区的实地观测数据,建立坡面土壤侵蚀定性评价指标体系,并将数量化理论II作为有效的数学方法,建立郧西县坡面径流小区土壤侵蚀强度评价模型,对参与建立模型的样本进行回归分析,其准判率达到800%以上,并且利用该模型对其他年份坡面土壤侵蚀强度实测数据进行对比验证,得到土壤侵蚀强度分级的精度较高。研究表明,建立的郧西县坡面径流小区土壤侵蚀强度评价模型有较好的适用性与可靠性,可为郧西县及类似自然地理环境的其他区域水保工作起到一定指导意义 相似文献
122.
Amir P. Nejadhashemi Joseph M. Sheridan Adel Shirmohammadi Hubert J. Montas 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2007,43(3):744-756
Abstract: Evaluating the relative amounts of water moving through the different components of the hydrological cycle is required for precise management and planning of water resources. An important aspect of this evaluation is the partitioning of streamflow into surface (quick flow) and base‐flow components. A prior study evaluated 40 different approaches for hydrograph‐partitioning on a field scale watershed in the Coastal Plain of the Southeastern United States and concluded that the Boughton’s method produced the most consistent and accurate results. However, its accuracy depends upon the proper estimation of: (1) the end of surface runoff, and (2) the fraction factor (α) that is function of many physical and hydrologic characteristics of a watershed. Proper identification of the end of surface runoff was accomplished by using a second derivative approach. Applying this approach to 12 years of separately measured surface and subsurface flow data from a field scale watershed (study area) proved to be accurate for 87% of the time. Estimation of the α value was accomplished in this study using two steps: (1) alpha was fitted to individual hydrographs: and, (2) a regression equation that determines these alpha values based on climatological factors (e.g., rainfall, evapotranspiration) was developed. Using these strategies improved the streamflow partitioning method’s performance significantly. 相似文献
123.
124.
Development and Operational Testing of a Super‐Ensemble Artificial Intelligence Flood‐Forecast Model for a Pacific Northwest River 下载免费PDF全文
Dominique R. Bourdin Dave Campbell Roland B. Stull Tobi Gardner 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2015,51(2):502-512
Coastal catchments in British Columbia, Canada, experience a complex mixture of rainfall‐ and snowmelt‐driven contributions to flood events. Few operational flood‐forecast models are available in the region. Here, we integrated a number of proven technologies in a novel way to produce a super‐ensemble forecast system for the Englishman River, a flood‐prone stream on Vancouver Island. This three‐day‐ahead modeling system utilizes up to 42 numerical weather prediction model outputs from the North American Ensemble Forecast System, combined with six artificial neural network‐based streamflow models representing various slightly different system conceptualizations, all of which were trained exclusively on historical high‐flow data. As such, the system combines relatively low model development times and costs with the generation of fully probabilistic forecasts reflecting uncertainty in the simulation of both atmospheric and terrestrial hydrologic dynamics. Results from operational testing by British Columbia's flood forecasting agency during the 2013‐2014 storm season suggest that the prediction system is operationally useful and robust. 相似文献
125.
以低温短时(90℃、30 min)水热预处理后的混合及初沉污泥为研究对象,分别进行了高温((55±1)℃)厌氧消化连续性试验.研究了该预处理条件下这两类污泥在水力停留时间(HRT)为20 d时的产气量、有机物分解率及物料平衡等,探讨了低温短时水热预处理对提高污泥厌氧消化性能的效果.结果表明:TS约为35 g·L-1的预处理混合污泥与初沉污泥经高温厌氧消化后,投加单位VS的产气量分别为(343.00±9.86)m L·g-1和(365.00±7.61)m L·g-1,VS去除率分别为38.9%和45.8%.COD物料平衡计算结果表明,混合和初沉污泥中分别有33.6%和43.9%的固体有机物被分解转化,生物气中CH4含量均在70%左右. 相似文献
126.
麦秆酸预处理后与猪粪混合发酵提高产气量的效应研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了研究不同水平的酸处理对麦秆混合发酵过程中各指标变化的影响,本试验通过测定不同醋酸浓度、时间处理后的麦秆与猪粪混合厌氧发酵进程中还原糖、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量,以及p H值变化和甲烷产量,探究各指标的关系并优化得出最佳醋酸处理组合,以期为酸预处理混合发酵实现高甲烷产量提供可靠的理论依据.结果表明,醋酸处理后的麦秆通过与猪粪混合发酵可明显提高甲烷单位产量,增幅为124.28%~207.40%.发酵过程中还原糖、VFA、p H值间相互影响.通过响应面法建立模型,得到醋酸处理的最优组合为浓度3.35%、时间6.75d,最大甲烷单位产量751.97 m L·g-1(以VS计). 相似文献
127.
针对已筛选获得的甲烷氧化混合菌,选取填埋场覆盖土(LCS)、矿化垃圾(AR)和塘渣(TZ)3种填埋场周边易得的材料为供试生存基质,从基质选择性及长效性角度进行了甲烷减排应用条件的探究及使用效能评估.结果表明,在TZ、LCS、AR、TZ-AR和LCS-AR这5种生存基质中,TZ-AR最适合甲烷氧化混合菌的生长,且TZ与AR的复配比例以5∶5为最佳.甲烷氧化混合菌在TZ-AR的粒径≤4 mm和含水率为20%时具有最高甲烷氧化能力.一次性接种甲烷氧化混合菌在静态体系中的最佳使用有效期为31 d.其在接种量为0.08、0.16、0.20 m L·g-1和0.25m L·g-1时甲烷氧化速率无明显差异,从工程应用角度而言,8%的接种量为最佳. 相似文献
128.
Cu–Mn, Cu–Mn–Ce, and Cu–Ce mixed-oxide catalysts were prepared by a citric acid sol–gel method and then characterized by XRD, BET, H2-TPR and XPS analyses. Their catalytic properties were investigated in the toluene combustion reaction. Results showed that the Cu–Mn–Ce ternary mixed-oxide catalyst with 1:2:4 mole ratios had the highest catalytic activity, and 99% toluene conversion was achieved at temperatures below 220°C. In the Cu–Mn–Ce catalyst, a portion of Cu and Mn species entered into the CeO2 fluorite lattice, which led to the formation of a ceria-based solid solution. Excess Cu and Mn oxides existed on the surface of the ceria-based solid solution. The coexistence of Cu–Mn mixed oxides and the ceria-based solid solution resulted in a better synergetic interaction than the Cu–Mn and Cu–Ce catalysts, which promoted catalyst reducibility, increased oxygen mobility, and enhanced the formation of abundant active oxygen species. 相似文献
129.
Shujuan Zhang Li Wang Fang M Xue Zhang Zhe Li Shiyang Li Xiaofeng Jiang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2015,27(7):211-218
Our study sought to assess how much phosphorus (P) runoff from paddy fields could be cut down by fertilizer management and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. A field experiment was conducted in Lalin River basin, in the northeast China: six nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium fertilizer levels were provided (0, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of the recommended fertilizer supply), with or without inoculation with Glomus mosseae. The volume and concentrations of particle P (PP) and dissolved P (DP) were measured for each runoff during the rice growing season. It was found that the seasonal P runoff, including DP and PP, under the local fertilization was 3.7 kg/ha, with PP, rather than DP, being the main form of P in runoff water. Additionally, the seasonal P runoff dropped only by 8.9% when fertilization decreased by 20%; rice yields decreased with declining fertilization. We also found that inoculation increased rice yields and decreased P runoff at each fertilizer level and these effects were lower under higher fertilization. Conclusively, while rice yields were guaranteed arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation and fertilizer management would play a key role in reducing P runoff from paddy fields. 相似文献
130.