Heavy metal contamination in the vicinity of an industrial area near Bucharest

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: Chromium enters into the aquatic environment as a result of effluent discharge from steel works, electroplating, leather tanning industries and chemical industries. As the Cr(VI) is very harmful to living organisms, it should be quickly removed from the environment when it happens to be contaminated. Therefore, the aim of this laboratory research was to develop a rapid, simple and adaptable solvent extraction system to quantitatively remove Cr(VI) from polluted waters. METHODS: Aqueous salt-solutions containing Cr(VI) as CrO4(2-) at ppm level (4-6 ppm) were prepared. Equal volumes (5 ml) of aqueous and organic (2-PrOH) phases were mixed in a 10 ml centrifuge tube for 15 min, centrifuged and separated. Concentrations of Cr(VI), in both the aqueous and organic phases, were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The effects of salt and acid concentrations, and phase-contact time on the extraction of Cr(VI) were investigated. In addition, the extraction of Cr(VI) was assessed in the presence of tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC) in 2-PrOH phase. Effects of some other metals, (Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)), on the extraction of Cr(VI) were also investigated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The Cr(VI) at ppm level was extracted quantitatively by salting-out the homogeneous system of water and 2-propanol(2-PrOH) using chloride salts, namely CaCl2 or NaCl, under acidic chloride media. The extracted chemical species of Cr(VI) was confirmed to be the CrO3Cl-. The ion-pair complex extracted into the organic phase was rationalized as the solvated ion-pair complex of [2-PrOH2+, CrO3Cl-]. The complex was no longer stable. It implied the reaction between extracted species. Studies revealed that salts and acid directly participated in the formation of the above complex. Use of extracting agents (TMAC) didn't show any significant effect on the extraction of Cr(VI) under high salting-out conditions. There is no significant interference effect on the extraction of Cr(VI) by the presence of other metals. The Cr(VI) in the organic phase was back-extracted using an aqueous ammonia solution (1.6 mol dm(-3)) containing 3 mol dm(-3) NaCl. The extraction mechanism of Cr(VI) is also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Salting-out of homogeneous mixed solvent of 2-propanol can be employed to extract Cr(VI) quantitatively, as an ion-pair of [2-PrOH2+ * CrO3Cl-] solvated by 2-PrOH molecules. Then, the complex becomes 'solvent-like' and is readily separated into the organic phase. The increase of Cl- ion concentration in the aqueous phase favors the extraction. The 2-PrOH, salts and acid play important roles in the extraction process. There is no need to use an extracting agent at a high salting-out condition. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Chromium(VI) must be quickly removed before it enters into the natural cycle. As the 2-PrOH is water-miscible in any proportion, ion-pairing between 2-PrOH2+ and CrO3Cl- becomes very fast. As a result, Cr(VI) can easily be extracted. Therefore, the method is recommended as a simple, rapid and adaptable method to quickly separate Cr(VI) from aqueous samples.     

Characteristics and mixing state of S-rich particles in haze episodes in Beijing

Direct individual analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy combined with online observation was conducted to examine the S-rich particles in PM_2.5 of two typical polluted haze episodes in summer and winter from 2014 to 2015 in Beijing. Four major types of S-rich particles, including secondary CaSO₄ particles (mainly observed in summer), S-rich mineral particles (SRM), S-rich water droplets (SRW) and (C, O, S)-rich particles (COS) were identified.We found the different typical morphologies and element distributions of S-rich particles and considered that (C, O, S)-rich particles had two major mixing states in different seasons. On the basis of the S-rich particles’ relative abundances, S concentrations and their relationships with PM_2.5 as well as the seasonal comparison, we revealed that the S-participated formation degrees of SRM and SRW would enhance with increasing PM_2.5 concentration. Moreover, C-rich matter and sulfate had seasonally different but significant impacts on the formation of COS.

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重庆近11年大气混合层厚度研究

根据新闻颁国家标准ＧＢ／Ｔ１３２０１－９１的规定，计算了重庆地区近１１年大气混合厚度，分析结果表明，重庆地区大气混合层厚度有明显日变化和季节变化，大气稳定度是混合层厚度的主要决定因子。     

农药混配制剂环境风险评估现状与展望

本文综述了欧洲和美国农药混配制剂的环境风险评估方法。详细介绍了欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)评估体系中的2种方法,即,基础的"整体测试法"和近年来提倡的"基于组分的方法"。"基于组分的方法"的特点是以浓度加和模型(CA模型)作为默认假设进行初级评估,以独立作用模型(IA模型)等作为高级评估手段的农药混配制剂环境风险评估方法。此外,本文还介绍了模型偏差率(MDR)、毒性相似度及毒力单元(TU)等概念以及混配制剂风险评估流程。本文的目的旨在为建立我国农药混配制剂的环境风险评估方法体系提供参考。     

高强铝合金超塑挤压成形

主要介绍了工业牌号高强铝合金在供应态或经简单预处理后在通用油压机上超塑成形的实例,并分析探讨了非理想组织材料超塑成形中微观组织的变化。     

我国城市生活垃圾现状分析及未来削减的建议

分析讨论了我国城市生活垃圾的产生量和成分,并在此基础上提出了未来削减我国城市生活垃圾产生量的建议,主要包括:改变民用燃料结构,尽力回收利用废品,提倡净菜进城,推行食品净包装和“励行节约,反对浪费”等。      

混合有机污染物在松花江水体中生物降解模拟研究

以松花江不同地点的江水和沉积物为微生物源,对江中检出的２１种有机污染物混合体系的生物降解过程进行模拟研究。结果表明,化合物结构、微生物源和驯化期是影响生物降解的主要因素;在驯化条件下,低浓度混合有机污染物的生物降解速率符合一级动力学方程。     

流量调节因子在非稳态河网水质计算中的应用

对平原河网水流流向不定引起的非稳态水质变化问题,引入流量调节因子加以校正,对调节因子在不同流向的形式进行了分析,在水质显格式离散方程中建立对应的水质模型,利用研究区河网枯水期实测的水质资料进行相应验证,结果表明校正的水质模型有较高的精度,具有一定的实用性。为非稳态情况下河网水质问题的决策分析提供了可行计算途径。     

复合氧化物汽车尾气净化催化剂抗SO2中毒机理研究

复合氧化物催化剂(ASC)具有较高的活性和良好的抗SO_2中毒性能.用IR、XPS、TPD等技术研究了该催化剂抗SO_2中毒机理,结果表明,与易失活催化剂相比,ASC经500h反应(反应气含SO_2约20ppm),其活性组分价态无显著变化,仅表面发生SO_2的化学吸附,经与约500ppm的SO_2作用20h后,发现仅有少量SO_4~(2-)形成.这是由于在ASC催化剂中添加了特殊助剂,而使催化剂活性组分得到保护的缘故.     

化学絮凝剂预处理马铃薯淀粉废水的比较研究

马铃薯淀粉废水产生的季节性使得常规生物处理应用起来存在很大困难,采用絮凝剂对废水进行预处理可减轻后续处理负担。文章使用常规化学絮凝剂AlCl3、Fe2(SO4)3、PAM以及有机和无机之间的相互复配对马铃薯淀粉废水进行絮凝预处理,研究了投药量、废水pH值、助凝剂CaCl2投加量以及沉降时间等因素对絮凝效果的影响,确定了各絮凝剂处理废水的较佳絮凝条件,并在较佳条件下处理废水,通过综合比较处理效率、处理成本、絮凝条件难易程度等方面,确定了马铃薯淀粉废水的较佳絮凝剂为AlCl3+PAM,其具有废水处理效果好(COD去除率为41.08%,浊度去除率为95.06%,色度去除率为90.63%)、投药量少(2mLAlCl3+0.3mLPAM)、助凝剂投加量少(1mLCaCl)2、较佳pH在废水初始pH范围内、处理成本低(11.05元/t废水)、产生污泥量少(649g/t废水)等优点。