草型清水态维持与长效运行的营养盐响应机制——以滇池大型围隔试验为例

为探究湖泊水体生态修复工程中草型清水态维持与长效运行的营养盐响应机制,利用滇池草海建立的大型原位试验围隔,采用非参数突变点分析法（nCPA）及临界指示物种分析法（TITAN）,探究了叶绿素a、浊度、透明度和浮游植物的营养盐阈值.结果表明,草型清水态维持与长效运行较为成功的围隔,其藻类的叶绿素a含量虽然明显较低,但在夏季时蓝藻门仍占绝对优势.原位生态围隔叶绿素a响应TN的阈值为1.423mg/L,响应TP的阈值为0.103mg/L.水体透明度响应TN的阈值为1.684mg/L,响应TP的阈值为0.103mg/L.各围隔总磷含量的平均值均大于或等于0.226mg/L,B1、B3、B8围隔后期处于清水态,其TN平均值都低于或等于1.42mg/L,B5、A1、A2、A3、A4围隔后期处于浊水态,其TN平均值都高于或等于1.78mg/L.这表明在滇池水华重灾区实施水体生态修复工程时,应首要考虑TN的影响,在TP含量严重超出阈值的情况下,如果TN处于一个较低水平,也能维持湖泊水体草型清水态的长效运行,并实现湖泊水体由藻型浊水态向草型清水态的转换.     

高温高压高含CO2环境下两种氟橡胶密封可靠性评价

目的 研究两种氟橡胶O型圈在总压为25 MPa,CO2体积分数为5%,温度为120 ℃,液相介质Cl^?质量浓度为7000 mg/L的高温高压高含CO2工况下的密封可靠性。方法 通过高温高压釜模拟井下实际工况,采用自研橡胶O型圈密封装置实现试样的承压状态,以物理性能、腐蚀形貌和抗渗透性能为考察指标,对两种氟橡胶O型圈的耐蚀性能和密封性能进行测试评价。结果 氟硅橡胶O型圈在承压状态下腐蚀后,拉伸强度由18.1 MPa下降为13.4 MPa,拉断伸长率由172.8%下降为151.9%。AFLAS橡胶O型圈在承压状态下腐蚀后,拉伸强度由21 MPa下降为14.6 MPa,拉断伸长率由277%下降为212.3%,硬度从84HA下降为75.5HA,表面破损严重。两种橡胶O型圈抗渗透性能随压差增大、温度上升而减弱。结论 承压状态下,两种橡胶O型圈性能衰减程度低于自由状态,氟硅橡胶O型圈在承压状态下表现出更好的密封可靠性。     

生物滴滤塔对疏水性VOCs气体的去除及其生物膜特性研究

利用正己烷降解菌Pseudomonas mendocina NX-1和二氯甲烷（DCM）降解菌Methylobacterium rhodesianum H13强化生物滴滤塔（BTF）同时净化不同疏水性的正己烷和DCM混合废气,研究了挂膜启动阶段及稳定运行阶段BTF对污染物的去除性能与限制因素及生物膜相的特性变化.结果表明,在正己烷和DCM浓度均为100 mg·m^-3,停留时间（EBRT）为60 s的条件下,运行25 d即可完成BTF的启动,正己烷和DCM的去除率分别可达到65%和100%.系统稳定运行时,正己烷和DCM的最大去除负荷分别为16.1 g·m^-3·h^-1和92.0 g·m^-3·h^-1.正己烷和DCM的去除过程分别受到传质限制与反应限制影响.BTF稳定运行后,塔内生物膜胞外聚合物（EPS）中蛋白质（PN）含量逐渐增加至启动时的2.7倍,蛋白质与多糖的比值（PN/PS）从0.28增加至0.96.生物膜表面相对疏水性从21%增加至66%,Zeta电位从-12.7 mV降低至-9.2 mV.压降的模拟结果与实验数据良好拟合（R²>0.96）.     

新型铈钨钛复合氧化物催化还原脱硝机理

利用水热共沉淀法制备了铈钨钛复合氧化物催化剂,考察了H₂O₂络合修饰对其催化脱硝转化频率（TOF）的影响;并借助傅里叶原位红外光谱仪研究了H₂O₂络合修饰后铈钨钛复合氧化物的催化脱硝机理.结果表明：H₂O₂络合修饰可增强铈钨钛复合氧化物表面Brønsted酸位强度,提高其表面NH₃低温吸附和中低温NH₃-SCR脱硝性能,400℃时其NO_x催化脱除频率TOF高达0.658s^-1;NH₃和NO_x在H₂O₂络合修饰后铈钨钛复合氧化物表面存在竞争吸附,其表面催化脱硝反应主要为吸附态NH₃、NH₂和NH₄⁺与气态NO+O₂的反应,其低温NH₃-SCR反应机理遵循Eley-Rideal（E-R）机理.     

非稳态条件下人工湿地水流规律及其对水力停留时间的影响

由于降水的随机性,处理农业或城市径流的人工湿地通常在进水水量波动的非稳态条件下工作.为研究在非稳态条件下人工湿地的水流规律,在基于时间轴的多点示踪剂试验的基础上,利用RTD(水力停留时间分布)探讨了单峰和双峰两种水力冲击非稳态条件下水平潜流人工湿地中的水流规律.结果表明,非稳态过程的水量变化对不同时刻流入人工湿地的液体的RTD影响明显.用基于出水流量的非线性无量纲时间变量(φ)对原始RTD进行归一化处理,所得的RTD浓度曲线[C'(φ)]在整个非稳态过程中相对稳定,具有相似的倾斜度、峰值时间(单峰冲击下为0.83~1.00,双峰冲击下为0.87~1.08)、重心位置(单峰冲击下为1.08~1.25,双峰冲击下为1.05~1.25)及相关统计学参数,表现出一种独立于流量变化之外的相对稳定的特征水流规律.与稳态基流量下的t_mean(平均停留时间)相比,水力冲击使人工湿地t_mean呈冲击前持续缩短、冲击后又快速回升的趋势(单峰、双峰冲击下最大值与最小值相差分别约为30和32 h);而t_mean'(归一化平均停留时间)在非稳态过程中却相对稳定(单峰、双峰冲击下最大值与最小值相差分别约为0.15和0.20),适合作为非稳态下表征人工湿地水流规律和停留时间的特征参数.研究显示,归一化RTD易于模拟,可用其描述非稳态下人工湿地的水流规律以及水流规律对污染物接触反应时间的影响.      

污泥包裹飞灰热解炭中重金属稳定性研究:铁盐添加剂的作用

在污泥包裹飞灰中添加不同比例的铁盐后进行热解,依据HJ/T 300—2007《固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法——醋酸缓冲溶液法》,研究了铁盐对污泥包裹飞灰热解炭中重金属的稳定效果,确定了基于热解炭最终处置目标的最经济的铁盐添加量和最大飞灰包裹量。结果表明:添加混合铁盐可以增加污泥包裹飞灰热解炭中重金属的稳定性,随着铁盐添加量增加,重金属的浸出浓度先减小后增加。综合经济性和稳定性,确定最适宜的铁盐添加量为1.5%。添加铁盐可增加污泥的飞灰包裹量,在Fe添加量为1.5%,热解温度500℃的条件下,污泥对飞灰的最大包裹量是1∶2,此条件下的产物热解炭可以进入生活垃圾填埋场处置。     

Oxidation state specific analysis of arsenic species in tissues of wild-type and arsenic (+ 3 oxidation state) methyltransferase-knockout mice

Arsenic methyltransferase(As3mt) catalyzes the conversion of inorganic arsenic(i As) to its methylated metabolites, including toxic methylarsonite(MAs~Ⅲ) and dimethylarsinite(DMAs~Ⅲ). Knockout(KO) of As3 mt was shown to reduce the capacity to methylate i As in mice. However, no data are available on the oxidation states of As species in tissues of these mice. Here, we compare the oxidation states of As species in tissues of male C57BL/6 As3mt-KO and wild-type(WT) mice exposed to arsenite(iA s~Ⅲ) in drinking water. WT mice were exposed to50 mg/L As and As3mt-KO mice that cannot tolerate 50 mg/L As were exposed to 0, 15, 20, 25 or30 mg/L As. iA s~Ⅲaccounted for 53% to 74% of total As in liver, pancreas, adipose, lung, heart, and kidney of As3mt-KO mice; tri- and pentavalent methylated arsenicals did not exceed 10% of total As. Tissues of WT mice retained iA s and methylated arsenicals: iA s~Ⅲ, MAs~Ⅲand DMAs~Ⅲ represented 55%‐68% of the total As in the liver, pancreas, and brain. High levels of methylated species, particularly MAs~Ⅲ, were found in the intestine of WT, but not As3mt-KO mice,suggesting that intestinal bacteria are not a major source of methylated As. Blood of WT mice contained significantly higher levels of As than blood of As3mt-KO mice. This study is the first to determine oxidation states of As species in tissues of As3mt-KO mice. Results will help to design studies using WT and As3mt-KO mice to examine the role of iA s methylation in adverse effects of iA s exposure.     

基于无线通讯技术的起重机抬吊同步控制系统改进

本文介绍了基于无线工业以太网通讯的可编程同步检测系统结构和设计方法、同步功能的检测原理及实现方法、调试和操作方法。通过在控制系统中加入信号反馈,将两台起重机的控制执行器信号和末端机械传动的差异值进行反馈跟踪,组成具有反馈功能的抬吊控制系统,在监測到执行器异步或末端传动异步现象时及时控制两车同步停止,从而避免吊物坠落等吊运事故的发生。     

Chronic inhalation effects of trichloroethylene on hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase system in rats

Inhalation effects of trichloroethylene, at levels of 0, 200 and 600 ppm for a period of 4 and 12 weeks, on the contents of hepatic microsomal protein, cytochrome P₄₅₀, cytochrome b₅, and on the activities of NADPH cytochrome C reductase, aminopyrine N‐demethylase and aniline hydroxylase were investigated. Body weight remained unaltered at 200 ppm level, whereas at 600 ppm level a significant decrease in body weight was observed. Liver weight showed increases at an exposure level of 200 ppm by the end of 4 and 12 weeks. Relative liver weight (% body weight) showed an increase at 200 and 600 ppm level by the end of week 4, whereas, after 12 weeks increase was observed only in animals exposed to the 600 ppm level. Hepatic microsomal protein was decreased by the end of 4 weeks at both the exposure levels. Cytochrome P₄₅₀ and cytochrome b, contents were increased at the 200ppm level after 4 and 12 weeks. NADPH cytochrome C reductase activity showed a marked increase at both the 200 and 600 ppm levels after 4 and 12 weeks. Aminopyrine N‐demethylase activity was increased at the 200 ppm level and decreased at the 600 ppm level by the end of 4 weeks, whereas, at the end of 12 weeks the aminopyrine N‐demethylase activity was near control values. Aniline hydroxylase activity was increased at the 200 ppm level after 4 and 12 weeks. Similarly, at the 600 ppm level aniline hydroxylase activity was increased after 12 weeks.     

Water policy implementation in the state of São Paulo,Brazil: Key challenges and opportunities

Challenges in implementing water planning and management are common, and the effective implementation of integrated water policies is yet to occur. In Brazil, the state of São Paulo enacted a Water Act in 1991 to ensure water availability for current and future generations based on the principles of decentralization, participation and integration. This research addresses water policy implementation issues by conducting an exploratory case study in the state of São Paulo. Factors affecting the water policy implementation process were analyzed, together with some water resources management practices. The findings indicate four dimensions of key challenges: institutional and governance, political, financial and technical. The stakeholders believe the political and the institutional and governance challenges are more important than the technical and financial ones. Additionally, the results show different levels of involvement in the areas of water policy strategy, the planning and decision-making process, and implementation by the different stakeholders groups. Stakeholders external to the water sector and from local government were considered to be less involved in water-related issues, when compared with stakeholders from the water sector. The study recommends a change in current institutional and governance arrangements in order to influence decisions and investments in different levels and sectors.