Evaluating and expanding the European Union's protected-area network toward potential post-2020 coverage targets

The Convention on Biological Diversity's (CBD) strategic plan will expire in 2020, but biodiversity loss is ongoing. Scientists call for more ambitious targets in the next agreement. The nature-needs-half movement, for example, has advocated conserving half of Earth to solve the biodiversity crisis, which has been translated to protecting 50% of each ecoregion. We evaluated current protection levels of ecoregions in the territory of one of the CBD's signatories, the European Union (EU). We also explored the possible enlargement of the Natura 2000 network to implement 30% or 50% ecoregion coverage in the EU member states’ protected area (PA) network. Based on the most recent land-use data, we examined whether ecoregions have enough natural area left to reach such high coverage targets. We used a spatially explicit mixed integer programing model to estimate the least-cost expansion of the PA network based on 3 scenarios that put different emphasis on total conservation cost, ecological representation of ecosystems, or emphasize an equal share of the burden among member states. To realize 30% and 50% ecoregion coverage, the EU would need to add 6.6% and 24.2%, respectively, of its terrestrial area to its PA network. For all 3 scenarios, the EU would need to designate most recommended new PAs in seminatural forests and other semi- or natural ecosystems. Because 15 ecoregions did not have enough natural area left to implement the ecoregion-coverage targets, some member states would also need to establish new PAs on productive land, allocating the largest share to arable land. Thirty percent ecoregion coverage was met by protecting remaining natural areas in all ecoregions except 3, where productive land would also need to be included. Our results support discussions of higher ecoregions protection targets for post-2020 biodiversity frameworks.     

汽车制造厂废水处理工程实例分析

采用二级混凝-气浮-水解酸化-SBR-过滤工艺，对某汽车制造厂的混合废水（包括脱脂废水、电泳废水、磷化废水和生活污水等）进行处理。经过对处理工艺进出水主要水质指标连续1个月的监测，发现COD去除率可达92．5％，SS去除率可达95．2％，NH3-N去除率可达58％，TP去除率可达96．7％，出水水质符合国家《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978—1996）一级排放标准，吨水处理成本为1．6元／t，系统运行稳定，具有明显的经济、环保和社会效益。t     

两种Keggin型有机-无机混配物的结构及催化消除甲醇的研究

为了寻找高效消除挥发性有机污染物的新材料,克服单纯杂多酸催化剂催化性能低、稳定性差的缺点,采用水热法合成了两种新的具有Keggin型杂多酸骨架的有机-无机混配配合物单晶,分别为(4-C6H7N)2(4-C6H8N)3PW12O40·H2O(配合物1)和(4-C5H7N2)3(PW12O40) ·5H2O(配合物2),用X-射线单晶衍射、红外光谱、紫外光谱、差热-热重进行了表征.配合物1和2由1个Keggin型PW12O40阴离子与有机配体4-甲基吡啶或4-氨基吡啶组成,并通过广泛的氢键作用在空间上无限延展形成超分子网络结构.配合物1为单斜晶系,晶胞参数为:a=16.0569(10)(A),b=19.8781(17)(A),c=18.4728(15)(A),α=90.00°,β=98.384(7)°,γ=90.00°.配合物2为单斜晶系,晶胞参数为:a=11.8880(9)(A),b=20.0148(15)(A),c=25.495(2)(A),α=90.00°,β=96.279(5)°,γ=90.00°.在流动催化反应体系中,探讨了该两种配合物催化消除甲醇的能力.体系流速为10mL/min,甲醇初始质量浓度为3.0g/m3,配合物1在150℃时对甲醇的消除率达到85.25％,配合物2在140℃对甲醇的消除率达到53.00％.     

Effects of Dram Shop,Responsible Beverage Service Training,and State Alcohol Control Laws on Underage Drinking Driver Fatal Crash Ratios

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to determine whether three minimum legal drinking age 21 (MLDA-21) laws—dram shop liability, responsible beverage service (RBS) training, and state control of alcohol sales—have had an impact on underage drinking and driving fatal crashes using annual state-level data, and compared states with strong laws to those with weak laws to examine their effect on beer consumption and fatal crash ratios.

Methods: Using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, we calculated the ratio of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 involved in fatal crashes as our key outcome measure. We used structural equation modeling to evaluate the three MLDA-21 laws. We controlled for covariates known to impact fatal crashes including: 17 additional MLDA-21 laws; administrative license revocation; blood alcohol concentration limits of.08 and.10 for driving; seat belt laws; sobriety checkpoint frequency; unemployment rates; and vehicle miles traveled. Outcome variables, in addition to the fatal crash ratios of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 included state per capita beer consumption.

Results: Dram shop liability laws were associated with a 2.4% total effect decrease (direct effects: β =.019, p =.018). Similarly, RBS training laws were associated with a 3.6% total effect decrease (direct effect: β =.048, p =.001) in the ratio of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 involved in fatal crashes. There was a significant relationship between dram shop liability law strength and per capita beer consumption, F (4, 1528) = 24.32, p <.001, partial η² =.016, showing states with strong dram shop liability laws (Mean (M) = 1.276) averaging significantly lower per capita beer consumption than states with weak laws (M = 1.340).

Conclusions: Dram shop liability laws and RBS laws were both associated with significantly reduced per capita beer consumption and fatal crash ratios. In practical terms, this means that dram shop liability laws are currently associated with saving an estimated 64 lives in the 45 jurisdictions that currently have the law. If the remaining 6 states adopted the dram shop law, an additional 9 lives could potentially be saved annually. Similarly, RBS training laws are associated with saving an estimated 83 lives in the 37 jurisdictions that currently have the laws. If the remaining 14 states adopted these RBS training laws, we estimate that an additional 28 lives could potentially be saved.     

利用新型组合填料的生物滴滤塔净化混合废气研究

建立了生物滴滤中试装置,并将前期研发的纹翼多面球和空心多面柱作为组合填料,以甲苯和乙醇混合气为废气,研究了组合填料生物滴滤塔的污染物去除性能.结果表明,装有组合填料的生物滴滤塔能在8 d内完成挂膜,稳定运行时对甲苯和乙醇的去除负荷分别为97.14 g·(m3·h)~(-1)和113.10 g·(m3·h)~(-1).空床停留时间(EBRT)和进气浓度对甲苯去除效果影响明显,当EBRT为21.11 s,甲苯和乙醇最大去除负荷分别为123.34 g·(m3·h)~(-1)和206.36 g·(m3·h)~(-1);受营养液喷淋量影响不明显,本系统最佳液气比为6.82 L·m~(-3).模拟了不稳定工况对系统处理效果的影响,用Na OH溶液减轻填料层堵塞效果明显,并可以3 d内恢复对甲苯和乙醇的去除效果;停运10 d后继续运行,净化性能可迅速恢复.     

生活垃圾衍生燃料掺烧过程环境影响分析研究

通过在燃煤中掺混不同比例的垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)进行燃烧实验,测试了锅炉热工和调整锅炉运行工况后烟气污染物排放情况,同时实时监测厂界污染物排放情况。分析污染物排放浓度变化趋势,确定掺烧RDF的最佳比例,燃煤锅炉运行的最佳参数和技术要点。结果表明,在掺混RDF 10%~30%的比例时,对燃料的碳含量、硫含量、氮含量、灰分、水分和低位发热值均无不利影响,符合北京市关于使用低硫优质煤的标准。RDF掺混比例越高,锅炉热效率降低,比例为30%时,锅炉热效率在80%左右,同时在该比例以下,可以确保二恶英、氮氧化物、烟尘、二氧化硫等污染物达标排放,厂界大气污染物都在二级标准以内。     

2013年北川聚落空间的地质灾害灾情分析

北川羌族自治县是2008年汶川8.0级地震的极重灾区之一。2013年7月8-12日,北川县境内普降暴雨,引起地质灾害事件大面积爆发。洪灾之后的灾情普查数据表明,县域内共有1 318个居民点受到各类地质灾害的威胁,这些地质灾害点的类型多样、分布广泛并且所造成的危害严重。根据灾情普查数据,按乡镇单元提取了各自的灾害点数量、受威胁面积、受威胁户数、受威胁人数、受威胁财产以及防治费用等6个指标,采用主成分分析方法来进行地质灾害灾情的综合评价,根据各乡镇的综合得分对乡镇的灾情进行了排序。这个评价结果较好地反映了各乡镇之间的灾情差异,也为上一级政府进行诸如制定乡镇社会经济发展指标、决定防灾减灾资金及技术力量的投向等行政决策提供了直接依据。     

Cu-Mn-Ce ternary mixed-oxide catalysts for catalytic combustion of toluene

Cu–Mn, Cu–Mn–Ce, and Cu–Ce mixed-oxide catalysts were prepared by a citric acid sol–gel method and then characterized by XRD, BET, H_2-TPR and XPS analyses. Their catalytic properties were investigated in the toluene combustion reaction. Results showed that the Cu–Mn–Ce ternary mixed-oxide catalyst with 1:2:4 mole ratios had the highest catalytic activity, and 99% toluene conversion was achieved at temperatures below 220°C. In the Cu–Mn–Ce catalyst, a portion of Cu and Mn species entered into the Ce O_2 fluorite lattice, which led to the formation of a ceria-based solid solution. Excess Cu and Mn oxides existed on the surface of the ceria-based solid solution. The coexistence of Cu–Mn mixed oxides and the ceria-based solid solution resulted in a better synergetic interaction than the Cu–Mn and Cu–Ce catalysts, which promoted catalyst reducibility, increased oxygen mobility, and enhanced the formation of abundant active oxygen species.     

混合溶剂的闪点变化规律探析

为考察不同类型溶剂对混合液易燃特性的影响,探索混合溶剂闪点的变化规律,分别将不燃溶剂、阻燃型溶剂、高闪点溶剂及低闪点溶剂与乙醇按不同比例混合,采用闭杯闪点测试仪进行混合液的闪点测试。研究结果表明,添加不燃或阻燃溶剂时,混合液闪点整体呈现逐渐升高趋势,不燃或阻燃溶剂易于提高混合溶剂的安全性能,当不燃或阻燃溶剂体积分数超过0.7以上时,混合液闪点提高幅度较大;添加可燃溶剂时,可燃溶剂的结构不同,对混合液的燃烧特性影响也不同,添加高闪点溶剂可能提高混合液闪点,也可能降低混合液闪点;而添加低闪点溶剂,降低混合液闪点,甚至可能比混合液任一组分闪点值都低;因此选用混合溶剂时,不能盲目,需要严格关注其混合后易燃特性参数的变化。     

n(NO3--N)/n(NO2--N)对混培养菌与纯培养菌同步脱氮除硫的影响

在温度30℃、pH为7、硫氮比为5/3、厌氧条件下,对比研究了不同n(NO-3-N)/n(NO-2-N)对荧光假单胞菌和铜绿假单胞菌混培养菌同步脱氮除硫影响.随着n(NO-3-N)/n(NO-2-N)减小,荧光假单胞菌、铜绿假单胞菌对NOx-N去除率逐渐增高,而S2-去除率却依次减少,混培养菌对NOx-N去除效率先增加后趋于平稳.n(NO-3-N)/n(NO-2-N)对混培养菌去除S2-几乎没有影响.荧光假单胞菌能迅速将NO-3-N转化为NO-2-N,但NO-2-N转为N2却相对缓慢,培养液中出现NO-2-N累积;而铜绿假单胞菌将NO-2-N还原N2的能力明显比荧光假单胞菌强,培养液未反应的NOx-N以NO-3-N为主,未出现NO-2-N累积.混培养菌对NOx-N转化的情况介于荧光假单胞菌与铜绿假单胞菌之间.荧光假单胞菌同时获得较高NOx-N、S2-去除的n(NO-3-N)/n(NO-2-N)为5/5,铜绿假单胞菌为10/0,混培养菌为5.0/5.0.混培养菌对NOx-N、S2-的同步去除效果优于单菌株荧光假单胞菌和铜绿假单胞菌.