基于氮平衡原理对南方污水处理厂中试脱氮工艺调控策略研究

通过建立A2/O工艺中氮的物料平衡方程,预测不同进水TN条件下,如何调控污泥回流比和混合液回流比使出水氮达到国家一级A标准;然后根据预测的运行参数,调试武汉市龙王嘴污水处理厂中试模拟装置,进行工况验证.结果表明,在进水TN低于30 mg·L-1,温度高于15℃时,不需要混合液回流即可实现良好的脱氮效果;在进水TN高于30 mg·L-1,温度在10~15℃之间时,增加混合液回流和DO可以提高脱氮效果,但当温度远远低于10℃时,必须同时提高混合液回流比来保证系统出水.该方法能较好依据水质状况通过调控回流比实现较好的脱氮效果.     

Catalytic combustion of soot over ceria-zinc mixed oxides catalysts supported onto cordierite

Modified substrates as outer heterogeneous catalysts was employed to reduce the soot generated from incomplete combustion of diesel or diesel/biodiesel blends, a process that harms the environment and public health. The unique storage properties of ceria(CeO2) makes it one of the most efficient catalysts available to date. Here, we proposed that ceria-based catalysts can lower the temperature at which soot combustion occurs; more specifically, from 610℃ to values included in the diesel exhausts operation range(300–450℃). The sol-gel method was used to synthesize mixed oxide-based catalysts(CeO2:ZnO); the resulting catalysts were deposited onto cordierite substrates. In addition, the morphological and structural properties of the material were evaluated by XRD, BET, TPR-H2, and SEM. Thermogravimetric(TG/DTA) analysis revealed that the presence of the catalyst decreased the soot combustion temperature by 200℃ on average, indicating that the oxygen species arise at low temperatures in this situation, promoting highly reactive oxidation reactions. Comparative analysis of soot emission by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(DRS) showed that catalyst-impregnated cordierite samples efficiently oxidized soot in a diesel/biodiesel stationary motor: soot emission decreased by more than 70%.     

Enhancing plant-microbe associated bioremediation of phenanthrene and pyrene contaminated soil by SDBS-Tween 80 mixed surfactants

The use of surfactants to enhance plant-microbe associated dissipation in soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) is a promising bioremediation technology. This comparative study was conducted on the effects of plant-microbe treatment on the removal of phenanthrene and pyrene from contaminated soil, in the presence of low concentration single anionic, nonionic and anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants. Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) and Tween 80 were chosen as representative anionic and nonionic surfactants, respectively. We found that mixed surfactants with concentrations less than 150 mg/kg were more effective in promoting plant-microbe associated bioremediation than the same amount of single surfactants. Only about(m/m) of mixed surfactants was needed to remove the same amount of phenanthrene and pyrene from either the planted or unplanted soils, when compared to Tween 80. Mixed surfactants( 150 mg/kg) better enhanced the degradation efficiency of phenanthrene and pyrene via microbe or plant-microbe routes in the soils. In the concentration range of 60–150 mg/kg, both ryegrass roots and shoots could accumulate 2–3 times the phenanthrene and pyrene with mixed surfactants than with Tween 80. These results may be explained by the lower sorption loss and reduced interfacial tension of mixed surfactants relative to Tween 80, which enhanced the bioavailability of PAHs in soil and the microbial degradation efficiency. The higher remediation efficiency of low dosage SDBS-Tween 80 mixed surfactants thus advanced the technology of surfactant-enhanced plant-microbe associated bioremediation.     

Intermittently aerated EMMC-Biobarrel (entrapped mixed microbial cell with Bio-barrel) process for concurrent organic and nitrogen removal

The PEMMC-Biobarrel (packed-bed of entrapped mixed microbial cells with Bio-barrel) process and MEMMC-Biobarrel (moving EMMC-Biobarrel) process were investigated for enhancing concurrent organic and nitrogen removal with applied intermittent aeration. For the PEMMC-Biobarrel process, the EMMC-Biobarrel carriers were employed at a packing ratio of 20%. In the MEMMC-Biobarrel process, the EMMC-Biobarrel carriers with a packing ratio of 10% were added along with the activated sludge (AS) in the bioreactor. Three different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 9, 6 and 4 h were applied. Aeration was provided intermittently at time schedules of 1 h air on/1 h air off, 1 h on/1.5 h off and 1 h on/2 h off. Nitrogen removal in the PEMMC-Biobarrel system was not improved by increasing the intermittent non-aeration time period. On the other hand, the MEMMC-Biobarrel process enhanced nitrogen removal with increasing non-aeration time even though the SCOD/N(TIN) ratio decreased from 6 to 4. Significant denitrification during the aeration cycle was observed in the MEMMC-Biobarrel process. The MEMMC-Biobarrel process demonstrated the most efficient organic and nitrogen removal at an HRT of 6 h with an intermittent aeration time schedule of 1 h on/2 h off. Nitrogen removal of 80% was achieved, which was about 15% higher compared to the AS system. TCOD and SCOD removal efficiencies were 80% and 75%, respectively.     

硼掺杂CeO2/TiO2光催化剂的制备及其活性研究

在三氯化钛和钛酸丁酯水解过程中引入硼酸、硝酸铈,制备了具有可见光活性的硼(B)掺杂CeO₂/TiO₂复合氧化物光催化剂,采用XRD、DRS、XPS等手段进行表征,以偶氮染料酸性红B为模型污染物评估了催化活性.结果表明,硝酸铈加入量影响催化剂的吸收带边,随用量增加,吸收带边红移至481nm(Ce/Ti=1.0,摩尔比),继续增加用量,吸收带边轻微蓝移.催化剂晶相组成与焙烧温度有关,500℃时焙烧样品主要由立方晶型CeO₂和锐钛矿TiO₂组成,焙烧温度高于700℃时,TiO₂转化为金红石型,CeO₂则无显著变化.随焙烧温度升高,催化剂吸收带边明显蓝移,综合考虑催化剂稳定性和太阳能利用,认为500℃焙烧较为合适.B1s XPS显示仅有少量B原子进入复合氧化物晶格取代了氧原子,主要以B₂O₃形式存在.酸性红B降解试验显示B掺杂CeO₂/TiO₂可以提高TiO₂的催化活性,紫外光辐射10min最高可使96.0%的酸性红B分解,且反应彻底,表现出较强的氧化能力,但Ce/Ti>0.5(摩尔比)时催化活性显著下降.     

Development of a Dynamic Aquatic Model (DynA Model): Estimating Temporal Emissions of DDT to Lake Maggiore (N. Italy)

- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.009 Background, Aims and Scope Most existing models used to describe the fate of chemicals in surface water and sediment generally consider a 'static scenario', in which a contaminant is discharged at a constant rate and environmental input parameters do not change during the simulation time. This approach is not suitable in environmental scenarios characterized by daily or periodic changes of several input parameters. The aim of this study is to estimate approximate emissions of DDT lo Lake Maggiore using a new surface water model, (DynA Model) that describes the fate of a chemical in a dynamic scenario. Methods The model is developed on the grounds of an existing and validated model (QWASI). A numerical solution was adopted to build the fully dynamic version of the model. Results and Discussion The model was applied to Lake Maggiore emitting DDT at a constant rate until steady-state was reached. Emissions were stopped and later sporadic 'pulse' emissions were added. This was done to calculate the amount of DDT needed to simulate concentrations close to those measured in water and sediments. This allowed the evaluation of the order of magnitude of emissions. An uncertainty analysis for sediment resuspension was also performed, given the lack of measured resuspension rates. Conclusion The model showed the time response of the Lake Maggiore system to varying emission scenarios and provided what are regarded as reasonable estimates of DDT emissions. The model demonstrated the importance of sediment-water exchange. Recommendation and Outlook In order to better calculate DDT concentrations the model should be run with different discharge scenarios to clarify the time trends of concentrations, possibly with the use of different sets of measured data (such as biota and sediment deposition/resuspension rates).     

土地资源、环境与经济发展的协调性评价

评价系统发展协调性的“协调判别法”是这样一种方法：先为系统的各子系统选择一些有代表性又可用一定指标度量的要素，按一定标准将要素分作满意与不满意两类，统计加总各类要素的数量，以之作为度量用的综合指标，并经归一化处理得各子系统的“状态数”；再将这些子系统与一定的“状态空间”对应，在此空间中利用“状态数”确定子系统所属系统的“状态点”及“完全协调线”；然后分别计算状态点与协调线的距离（偏离度）、状态点与原点的距离（优化度），借助它们便可评价各子系统发展的同步性及相应系统的协调性。以此方法对通州市由土地利用、自然环境和社会经济3个子系统组成的系统进行的协调性评价表明，“协调判别法”具有含义明确、简单、较客观、易操作、可比性强的特点，适用于评价复杂系统的协调发展问题。     

Water Resource Potential in Northern India: Constraints and Analyses of Price and Non-Price Solutions

The paper examines the linkages between water depletion, continuous population growth and economic development viewed primarily as agricultural development. This is done within a framework of a dynamic simulation model of ecological-economic type over extended periods of time. It is found that intensive agriculture, driven by an increase in the cropping intensity as a result of increase in area under paddy crop, has led to an increased gap between the demand for and supply of water resources, in particular subsurface resources. The consequent fall in water table may lead to constraints in the use of water. This has strong inequity implications in the resource use as well as threats to future of agricultural development in the region. It is revealed that a mix of interventions based on price solutions, non-price solutions and institutional set up are decisive in bringing a sustainable development and use of resource. The paper concludes with emphasising the role of state/government in achieving the desired goal.     

辐射化学剂量计在强脉冲混合辐射场测定中的应用

本文讨论了将硫酸亚铁剂量计和铜－铁剂量计用于强脉冲混合辐射场测定的实验设计,利用直径２２０毫米的聚乙烯球,将硫酸亚铁剂量计的快中子响应降低到２０％以下,由它和完全暴露在中子、γ混合场中的硫酸亚铁剂量计响应之差,测量中子吸收剂量。这种方法两次实际用于强脉冲混合辐射场中子、γ吸收剂量测量,得到的结果和热释光剂量计、固体径迹探测器的测量结果进行了比较,在±２５％的误差范围内一致     

Environmental problem-solving and land-use management: A proposed structure for Australia

A three-tiered structure of land-use and environmental management is here proposed for Australia. The structure is based on the idea that environment means the environment of people, and that environmental problems arise when a change in the interaction between people and their environment leads to conflicts about the use of land and resources. The heterogeneity of society means that a range of human aspirations and value systems must be satisfied by environmental managers. Existing methods of environmental management fail to achieve these objectives, due to inadequate perception of environmental problems by decision-makers, and the inability of currently available impact assessment techniques to resolve human conflicts associated with the use of land and resources. The main work of planning and managing land use and the environment would be carried out by regional authorities, supported by federal and state policy. Examples are given of moves towards regional administration in England and Wales, Western Australia, Australia and New Zealand. Community participation in the decision-making process is essential and can be achieved by electoral representation to the authoritative bodies and through procedures that ensure informed public comment on planning proposals.