EMMC process for combined removal of organics, nitrogen and an odor producing substance

In order to improve the process performance regarding the removal of organics, nitrogen, and an odor-causing compound (sulfide) contained in domestic wastewater, an entrapped-mixed-microbial cell (EMMC) with and without humic substances for both fixed and moving carrier reactors and conventional suspended growth culture (i.e. conventional activated sludge process) were investigated simultaneously. Both synthetic (simulated to the organics concentration of general domestic sewage) and actual domestic wastewater were investigated under operational conditions of 12 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT) with 1 h of aeration and 1 h of non-aeration, and 6 h of HRT with continuous aeration, at a room temperature of 25 +/- 2 degrees C. It was found that entrapping humic substances in the EMMC carriers had no impact on the removal of organics, nitrogen, and the odor-producing compound. Additionally, the performance of the EMMC moving carrier system for the removal of these pollutants is similar to that of the EMMC fixed carrier system. In general, the EMMC associated systems which provide high solids retention time achieve a better removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, and the odor-producing substance than the suspended growth system for both HRTs of 6 h (continuous aeration) and 12 h (1 h of aeration and 1 h of non-aeration). Both the fixed and moving carrier EMMC processes, therefore, have the potential for improvement or replacement of the existing conventional activated sludge process with regard to improving the effluent qualities (such as COD, nitrogen and odor-producing compound) for reuse/disposal.     

碗窑碾压混凝土坝变形成因分析及监控指标的拟定

鉴于碗窑碾压混凝土重力坝个别变形测点测值异常现象,依据大坝变形观测资料,通过变形规律时空分析和统计模型的建立,以及影响因子的分解,合理地解释了其变形成因,从而得出碗窑水库大坝变形性态总体正常的结论。为确保大坝安全运行,通过建立有限元力学模型和混合模型,拟定了典型坝段坝顶水平位移的一级监控指标,进而更有效地监控大坝的安全性态。另外,就个别测点坝段时效有呈逐年缓慢上升的趋势,建议管理单位加强观测,并及时分析,确保工程安全运行。     

Water Network Synthesis Using Mutation-Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization

Different techniques for the synthesis of industrial water reuse/recycle networks have been developed in recent process integration research. These tools range from graphical pinch analysis approaches to mathematical programming models. The latter have the advantage of being flexible enough to incorporate various water network constraints, but in many cases these are often non-linear, thus making the identification of global optima difficult. Recent work has demonstrated the effectiveness of metaheuristic algorithms such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), for finding good solutions these problems. This work describes the use of a modified PSO for solving mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) models for water network synthesis. By incorporating a mutation operator for the binary variables in the model, the algorithm is able to escape sub-optimal network topologies and proceed towards better solutions than can be found with ordinary PSO. Two case studies involving water recycle/reuse are used to demonstrate the new design methodology.     

兼氧混合菌对亚甲基蓝废水生物降解实验研究

采用厦门某生物科技有限公司提供的兼氧混合菌为研究对象,利用相关设备进行中试实验,验证了该项技术的可行性。同时探究了重金属对该混合菌种生物降解能力的影响,通过中试实验研究后发现5mg/L的重铬酸钾和硫酸铜均对该混合菌种的生物降解能力有一定的影响,并且硫酸铜的影响大于重铬酸钾。此外该技术对甲基橙、刚果红废水也有一定的生物降解能力,这为兼氧混合菌用于印染废水处理提供了实验依据。     

低温短时水热预处理混合及初沉污泥的高温厌氧消化特性研究

以低温短时(90℃、30 min)水热预处理后的混合及初沉污泥为研究对象,分别进行了高温((55±1)℃)厌氧消化连续性试验.研究了该预处理条件下这两类污泥在水力停留时间(HRT)为20 d时的产气量、有机物分解率及物料平衡等,探讨了低温短时水热预处理对提高污泥厌氧消化性能的效果.结果表明:TS约为35 g·L-1的预处理混合污泥与初沉污泥经高温厌氧消化后,投加单位VS的产气量分别为(343.00±9.86)m L·g-1和(365.00±7.61)m L·g-1,VS去除率分别为38.9%和45.8%.COD物料平衡计算结果表明,混合和初沉污泥中分别有33.6%和43.9%的固体有机物被分解转化,生物气中CH4含量均在70%左右.     

麦秆酸预处理后与猪粪混合发酵提高产气量的效应研究

为了研究不同水平的酸处理对麦秆混合发酵过程中各指标变化的影响,本试验通过测定不同醋酸浓度、时间处理后的麦秆与猪粪混合厌氧发酵进程中还原糖、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量,以及p H值变化和甲烷产量,探究各指标的关系并优化得出最佳醋酸处理组合,以期为酸预处理混合发酵实现高甲烷产量提供可靠的理论依据.结果表明,醋酸处理后的麦秆通过与猪粪混合发酵可明显提高甲烷单位产量,增幅为124.28%~207.40%.发酵过程中还原糖、VFA、p H值间相互影响.通过响应面法建立模型,得到醋酸处理的最优组合为浓度3.35%、时间6.75d,最大甲烷单位产量751.97 m L·g-1(以VS计).     

甲烷氧化菌在填埋场覆盖层中的工程应用(Ⅱ):基质选择性及长效性

针对已筛选获得的甲烷氧化混合菌,选取填埋场覆盖土(LCS)、矿化垃圾(AR)和塘渣(TZ)3种填埋场周边易得的材料为供试生存基质,从基质选择性及长效性角度进行了甲烷减排应用条件的探究及使用效能评估.结果表明,在TZ、LCS、AR、TZ-AR和LCS-AR这5种生存基质中,TZ-AR最适合甲烷氧化混合菌的生长,且TZ与AR的复配比例以5∶5为最佳.甲烷氧化混合菌在TZ-AR的粒径≤4 mm和含水率为20%时具有最高甲烷氧化能力.一次性接种甲烷氧化混合菌在静态体系中的最佳使用有效期为31 d.其在接种量为0.08、0.16、0.20 m L·g-1和0.25m L·g-1时甲烷氧化速率无明显差异,从工程应用角度而言,8%的接种量为最佳.     

Cu–Mn–Ce ternary mixed-oxide catalysts for catalytic combustion of toluene

Cu–Mn, Cu–Mn–Ce, and Cu–Ce mixed-oxide catalysts were prepared by a citric acid sol–gel method and then characterized by XRD, BET, H₂-TPR and XPS analyses. Their catalytic properties were investigated in the toluene combustion reaction. Results showed that the Cu–Mn–Ce ternary mixed-oxide catalyst with 1:2:4 mole ratios had the highest catalytic activity, and 99% toluene conversion was achieved at temperatures below 220°C. In the Cu–Mn–Ce catalyst, a portion of Cu and Mn species entered into the CeO₂ fluorite lattice, which led to the formation of a ceria-based solid solution. Excess Cu and Mn oxides existed on the surface of the ceria-based solid solution. The coexistence of Cu–Mn mixed oxides and the ceria-based solid solution resulted in a better synergetic interaction than the Cu–Mn and Cu–Ce catalysts, which promoted catalyst reducibility, increased oxygen mobility, and enhanced the formation of abundant active oxygen species.     

“污泥+生物质”混合厌氧消化分类管理研究

污泥单独厌氧消化困难,产气量低,能量回收价值低.但“污泥+生物质”混合厌氧消化能够改善物料间的营养平衡,运行更平稳,既有效处理污泥,又能够提高甲烷产气量,更适合生产实际,符合行业发展趋势.分析了安阳市四家污水处理厂脱水污泥的重金属含量,依据土地利用限值标准,结合生产实际,把安阳市四个污水处理厂脱水污泥分类,分类混合厌氧消化处理后分类土地利用,既提高了污泥的土地利用,更强化了污泥土地利用的重金属管理.     

基于MGWR的黄河流域土壤有机碳密度和影响因素分析

土壤有机碳作为最大陆地碳库,其空间分布特征和影响因素对于全球碳循环过程具有重要影响.基于土壤有机碳密度数据,结合环境因子,使用多尺度地理加权回归（MGWR）模型预测了黄河流域土壤有机碳密度（SOCD）和影响因素.结果表明：①黄河流域0~20 cm和0~100 cm的SOCD范围分别为0~14.82 kg ·m^-2和0~32.39kg ·m^-2,均值分别为3.48 kg ·m^-2和8.07kg ·m^-2,储量则分别为2.76 Pg和6.48 Pg;②各生态系统类型中,0~20 cm的SOCD从大到小依次为：森林>水体与湿地>其他>草地>农田>聚落>荒漠,0~100 cm的SOCD从大到小依次为：水体与湿地>森林>其他>草地>农田>聚落>荒漠,SOCR从大到小皆为：草地>农田>森林>荒漠>水体与湿地>聚落>其他;③黄河流域SOCD的分布主要受常数项、剖面曲率、NDVI和降水的影响,曲率和粉砂对深层的SOCD的分布也具有重要影响;此外,降水、NDVI和常数项（除森林外）是影响各生态系统的主要因素,曲率和粉砂则仅对荒漠和其他生态系统具有重要影响.研究结果得出了黄河流域SOCD的空间分布和影响因素,可为黄河流域碳平衡、土壤质量评价和生态治理恢复与巩固提升提供科学依据.