煤岩混合型粉尘云最低着火温度试验研究

为研究半煤岩巷道中岩粉质量分数和煤的挥发分与煤岩混合型粉尘云最低着火温度的关系,选取挥发分差异较大的5种煤样以相同比例配制煤岩混合型粉尘,利用粉尘云最小点火温度测定仪进行煤岩混合型粉尘试验。结果表明,当煤岩混合型粉尘中岩粉质量分数低于40%时,岩粉的混合会导致混合型粉尘云最低着火温度发生小幅度波动;当岩粉质量分数高于40%时,煤岩混合型粉尘最低着火温度会随岩粉质量分数的增加而大幅度升高;挥发分质量分数越小的煤粉,其混合型粉尘云最低着火温度越容易受岩粉质量分数的影响。     

Risk factors affecting injury severity determined by the MAIS score

Objective: Traffic crashes result in a loss of life but also impact the quality of life and productivity of crash survivors. Given the importance of traffic crash outcomes, the issue has received attention from researchers and practitioners as well as government institutions, such as the European Commission (EC). Thus, to obtain detailed information on the injury type and severity of crash victims, hospital data have been proposed for use alongside police crash records. A new injury severity classification based on hospital data, called the maximum abbreviated injury scale (MAIS), was developed and recently adopted by the EC. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the factors that affect injury severity as classified by the MAIS score.

Method: In this study, the MAIS score was derived from the International Classification of Diseases. The European Union adopted an MAIS score equal to or greater than 3 as the definition for a serious traffic crash injury. Gains are expected from using both police and hospital data because the injury severities of the victims are detailed by medical staff and the characteristics of the crash and the site of its occurrence are also provided. The data were obtained by linking police and hospital data sets from the Porto metropolitan area of Portugal over a 6-year period (2006–2011). A mixed logit model was used to understand the factors that contribute to the injury severity of traffic victims and to explore the impact of these factors on injury severity. A random parameter approach offers methodological flexibility to capture individual-specific heterogeneity. Additionally, to understand the importance of using a reliable injury severity scale, we compared MAIS with length of hospital stay (LHS), a classification used by several countries, including Portugal, to officially report injury severity. To do so, the same statistical technique was applied using the same variables to analyze their impact on the injury severity classified according to LHS.

Results: This study showed the impact of variables, such as the presence of blood alcohol, the use of protection devices, the type of crash, and the site characteristics, on the injury severity classified according to the MAIS score. Additionally, the sex and age of the victims were analyzed as risk factors, showing that elderly and male road users are highly associated with MAIS 3+ injuries. The comparison between the marginal effects of the variables estimated by the MAIS and LHS models showed significant differences. In addition to the differences in the magnitude of impact of each variable, we found that the impact of the road environment variable was dependent on the injury severity classification.

Conclusions: The differences in the effects of risk factors between the classifications highlight the importance of using a reliable classification of injury severity. Additionally, the relationship between LHS and MAIS levels is quite different among countries, supporting the previous conclusion that bias is expected in the assessment of risk factors if an injury severity classification other than MAIS is used.     

系列混合碳源条件下颗粒化EBPR系统菌群结构变化规律研究

在SBR反应器中接种富含聚磷菌的活性污泥,采用一系列不同丙酸/乙酸比例混合的碳源进行EBPR系统污泥的颗粒化培养,并考察了颗粒化进程中的系统菌群结构变化,以及不同混合碳源条件对系统功能菌种竞争的影响.结果表明,污泥颗粒化过程对EBPR系统菌群结构产生了较大的筛选作用.原本在系统中占优势的一类Uncultured bacterium被迅速淘汰;Uncultured Rhodocyclaceae bacterium、部分Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis、部分Denitrifying bacterium、Acinetobacter及部分Uncultured alpha proteobacterium分别逐渐被淘汰.在各个成熟的颗粒化EBPR系统中,除磷微生物主要为Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium与Uncultured alpha proteobacterium.不同混合碳源条件培养的颗粒化EBPR系统菌群结构差异主要表现为Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis(聚糖菌)与Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium(聚磷菌)菌群数量的不同.混合碳源中乙酸比例的提高可造成颗粒化EBPR系统中Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis的增长,使系统的除磷效率下降.而碳源中丙酸比例相对较高的条件有利于Uncultured Chlorobi bacterium增长,从而有助于颗粒化EBPR系统维持较好的除磷效率.     

表面活性剂对土壤中多氯联苯的洗脱研究

采用实验室配置的PCBs污染土壤,以曲拉通X-100、吐温-80、SDS、SDBS 4种表面活性剂进行洗脱试验研究。结果表明:对于单一表面活性剂,SDS对污染土壤中多氯联苯的洗脱效果最好;采用1:20的固液比,进行2~3次洗脱,洗脱率可达50%以上;洗脱时间对洗脱效果影响不大;SDS—吐温-80混合表面活性剂对多氯联苯有协同增溶作用,且在土壤上的吸附损失较小,SDS和吐温-80的最佳质量比为5:5,在此条件下,浓度为7 000 mg/L的混合表面活性剂对多氯联苯污染土壤进行3次洗脱,洗脱率可高达97.89%。     

微生物絮凝剂(MBF)研究策略与技术进展

当前微生物絮凝剂正处于理论研究与产业化交织阶段,文章较全面地综述了本领域研究策略和最新技术进展。研究策略体现出特异、高效、价廉、复合和联用等方向;总结了特异、高效产絮单菌株的筛选、廉价替代培养基的选用、产絮条件的优化等改善MBF应用的技术途径,并着重就近年来与微生物絮凝剂复合或联用的强化技术进行了探讨,包括复合型微生物絮凝剂、MBF与传统絮凝剂的复配、MBF与纳米材料的联用、絮凝微生物固定化技术等。在此基础上指出了微生物絮凝剂今后的发展方向,并提出了建议。     

混交林的改土效益及其在防止地力衰退上的应用

讨论了人工混交林对林地土壤理化性质、微生物及水土保持等方面的改良和促进作用。针对目前人工纯林地力衰退的问题，提出了混交林可作为防止地力衰退的途径， 并对混交林应用上的有关问题作了探讨。     

瞬态温度载荷下固液混合装药内部温度响应研究

为了研究瞬态温度载荷作用下固液混合装药起爆点火过程,设计了瞬态温度载荷试验装置和瞬态温度测试系统。用黑火药爆炸温度作为瞬态温度载荷,测试了固液混合装药内部的温度响应过程,并与数值模拟进行对比分析。结果表明,设计的瞬态温度载荷测试系统可以研究装药对瞬态温度的响应。     

混合氢管道的腐蚀失效分析

针对原油劣质化导致蜡油加氢处理装置原料中硫、氮、氯等腐蚀性杂质含量增加,装置腐蚀风险增大等情况,通过分析加氢处理装置混合氢管道的腐蚀状况,试验测定了管道所处的环境中介质的腐蚀性杂质的类型和含量,分析了管道材料的化学成分,进行了管道材料的金相组织分析,以及腐蚀穿孔部位材料的电子显微分析和微区EDX分析,对管道内部的流体流动状态进行了模拟计算,确定了混合氢管道三通的腐蚀失效原因,提出了防止管道腐蚀失效的技术措施。     

飞机重载大变形伸缩变体机构动力学仿真研究

目的为适应先进战斗机外形变体需求,设计复杂严重载荷环境下的伸缩机构,在整体弯曲、扭转等大变形条件下发挥支持变体运动和传递大载荷的系统功能。方法针对此类重载大变形伸缩机构,构建一种结合机构动力学和结构动力学的仿真分析方法,综合考虑运动过程中整体刚度分布变化带来的载荷、运动传递特性变化,以及局部轮轨运动组件的接触动力学细节,开展伸缩过程中的动力学仿真。结果计算获取了整个伸缩机构在严重外载荷下的伸缩过程运动参数变化和机构动响应,与典型盒段带载伸缩运动试验测试相比,机构连接交点载荷最大值的计算误差不超过7.9%,自由端位移最大值的计算误差不超过13.2%。结论建立的方法为各组件的传动传载性能优化和结构强度设计分析提供了一种可靠高效的仿真手段,对于变体飞机伸缩运动部件的结构/机构一体化设计有重要的应用价值。     

机油高效降解菌群筛选及降解效果初探

从多处受石油污染的土壤中经过初步筛选、混合驯化得到以机油为唯一碳源进行生长代谢的混合菌群.利用此混合菌群进行的降解实验结果表明,该菌群对高浓度机油废水具有较强的降解能力,初始含机油约2.0 g/L的人工废水.接种量为0.1%(菌体湿重/培养液体积),经过7 d的降解,机油可降至403 mg/L,降解率达81.4%;对不同浓度机油废水的降解实验结果表明,在静态实验条件下,机油质量浓度在不高于1 000 mg/L(含1 075 mg/L),混合菌群在降解过程中能自行从降解产酸的不良环境中恢复,机油质量浓度在2 000 mg/L以上,初期产酸较多,pH下降幅度较大,在7 d的周期内,废水pH无法恢复,说明在降解后期仍有大量有机酸积累而未被彻底降解;与葡萄糖共基质的降解实验结果表明,经过7 d的降解.不超过150 mg/L,的葡萄糖与1 000 mg/L机油组成的共基质体系中,机油降解基本不受葡萄糖加入的影响,但可加强早期的降解速率.而葡萄糖高于150 mg/L时,则会对混合菌群的除油率产生抑制,抑制程度随着葡萄糖浓度的提高而加大.