Bi-Ti-O体系的制备、表征及性能

采用溶胶-活性炭浸渍法制备了Bi-Ti-O体系光催化剂,并以XRD、SEM、UV-Vis DRS对其进行表征。以在紫外光照射下对甲基橙的降解评价其光催化活性,分别考察了不同Bi/Ti比及煅烧温度的影响。实验表明,其光催化性能由粒径、吸光性能等共同影响。煅烧温度的提高使其在紫外区吸光性能有所下降,光催化活性相应降低。随着Bi含量的增加,在500℃时其禁带宽度有增加趋势,其形貌也发生了较大变化。而温度的升高,也使样品逐渐烧结团聚,降低了其光催化活性。在Bi/Ti比为5∶5和7∶3,煅烧温度为500℃时,由于Bi2O3、Bi2Ti2O7和Bi4Ti3O12三相共生共存,其混晶效应使得在紫外区的吸收明显增强,相应地提高了光催化活性。     

扎龙湿地土壤中抗性菌株对Pb和Cd去除率与其生理生化特性的相关性及通径分析

利用相关性和通径分析研究了从扎龙湿地土壤中筛选的抗性菌株对Pb、Cd的去除率与其生理生化特性之间的关系。相关性分析表明:细胞长宽比与Pb去除率呈显著负相关性;淀粉酶水解、过氧化氢酶和甲基红与Pb去除率均呈极显著或显著的正相关性;V-P与Cd去除率呈显著负相关性。通径分析表明:细胞长宽比、淀粉酶水解、甲基红对Pb去除率有明显的直接作用,但总的间接作用不明显;酪蛋白和过氧化氢酶对Pb去除率有明显的负向直接作用,但总的正向间接作用很大;淀粉酶水解对Cd去除率有明显的正向直接作用;V-P对Cd去除率有明显的负向直接作用,间接作用不明显。     

水中柴油污染物的微生物降解及其动力学

以混合柴油为靶污染物,通过对比实验研究了油污染物在模拟水环境中的降解效果。研究表明,模拟自然条件下混合柴油污染物总体降解较慢,油质去除率低;生物强化降解条件下,向混合柴油污染水样中添加驯化培养的微生物混合菌群,生物降解速率明显提高,油质去除率达到98%以上。研究还发现,各污染水样中油的降解速率与降解效果随柴油的配比而不同,混合柴油样本中生物柴油的比例越高,样本的降解率越高,表明生物柴油作为碳源有效改善了水中有机营养配比,促进了柴油的去除效果。进一步分析表明,混合柴油在水中的降解过程符合一级反应动力学,生物强化降解条件下,生物柴油比例越高,混合柴油降解速率越快,除油微生物以菌胶团、球菌和丝状菌为主。     

新型填料曝气生物滤池处理抗生素类废水

针对抗生素类制药工业废水难处理的特点,将某高效复合微生物菌群负载在以中孔和大孔为主的污泥炭颗粒的表面和孔隙内部,制备得到生物改性污泥炭。采用装填生物改性污泥炭的新型填料曝气生物滤池及向下流、中下部曝气的运行方式对以抗生素类制药废水为主的混合工业废水絮凝沉淀池出水中的主要污染物进行深度处理。结果表明,污泥炭载体在水中发挥2种作用,即吸附功能和载体功能,污泥炭表面及内部孔隙结构非常发达,为不同种类和功能的高效微生物菌群的构建和负载提供了良好的载体;采用粒径为8~10 mm的生物改性污泥炭、HRT 100 min及气水比3∶1,进水COD浓度96~123 mg/L、NH3-N浓度8.8~17.4 mg/L、TP浓度0.390~0.623 mg/L、pH 6~9,新型填料曝气生物滤池对混合工业废水中的COD、NH3-N和TP的平均去除率分别为47.2%、49.2%和35.6%,相比污水厂常规陶料填料生物滤池分别提高了27.9、21.6和12.8个百分点,该工艺处理效果稳定,运营管理简单,为极难生物降解的抗生素类废水为主的混合工业废水的深度处理提供了新思路。     

液氨预处理强化复合菌系WSC-6降解稻秆的性能

高效、经济的预处理技术对提高稻秆的生物降解效率,实现稻秆资源的工业化利用具有重要意义。为确定液氨对稻秆生物降解性的影响,以复合菌系WSC-接种液氨预处理的稻秆,研究其生物降解性能。结果表明,用液氨预处理后的稻秆作为碳源,由于营养结构的改变,复合菌系WSC-6需要经过3d的适应期进入对数增长期,氮源利用率和微生物浓度均显著高于未处理的对照组。复合菌系WSC-6对其生物降解性得到明显提高,7d后的稻秆失重率达到62．7％,纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的降解率分别达到57．5％、85．6％和36．3％。液氨预处理对发酵系统的pH值影响不大,复合菌系WSC-对稻秆降解的pH值仍维持在6．5～8．6之间,有利于进行丁酸型发酵,这对后续利用乙酸高效生产沼气具有重要意义。     

废旧天然胶胶粉应用研究

以80目的废天然胶胶粉为研究对象,处理后将其分别以20%,30%的比例添加到天然混炼胶(NR)中,制备废胶粉/NR共混硫化胶;同时,通过邻苯二甲酸酐(PA)和高芳烃油对胶粉进行处理改性,制备了全胶粉弹性体。拉伸强度测试表明,对于共混胶弹性体,NR混炼胶空白样的拉伸强度为19.21 MPa,添加20%,30%比例的胶粉/NR共混硫化胶的拉伸强度可以分别达到18.03 MPa,17.23 MPa;改性后制备的全胶粉混炼胶硫化样品拉伸强度达到8.12 MPa,超过了再生胶的国标标准。同时应用扫描电子显微镜SEM分析、比较了各试样断裂面的微观结构,应用比表面仪BET和SEM表征了胶粉的表面形貌与结构,发现胶粉表面呈现"绒球"状,具有较好的表面性能。     

不同萃取方法对长江口边滩多环芳烃萃取效果的影响

选取索氏提取法和加速溶剂萃取仪(ASE)提取法,对长江口边滩样品进行多环芳烃萃取实验,并利用气相色谱/质谱仪对萃取出来的多环芳烃进行定量分析,研究了不同萃取方法以及不同溶剂条件下多环芳烃的总量、分布特征.结果表明,长江口边滩多环芳烃最高值出现在吴淞口;索氏提取法在多环芳烃萃取效果上优于加速溶剂萃取仪提取法;混合溶剂萃取...     

Biodegradation of 2,6-ditert-butylphenol by immobilized microorganism strains

2,6-Ditert-butylphenol （2,6-DTBP） is a major organic contaminant presenting in acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewaters. This compound is of high bio-resistance due to its complex structure which consists of one phenol group and two highly branched tert-butyl groups. This research attempted to improve the biodegradation efficiency of 2,6-DTBP through various strain immobilization methods. The stratified immobilization can settle oxygen transmission in the single microorganism immobilization, and can realize two-process reaction in the single device by choosing two symbiotic microorganisms. Two effective strains, named F-1-4 and F-3-4, which were screened out in our previous work, were used to degrade 2,6-DTBP after being immobilized in calcium alginate gel. Results indicate that the substrate removal efficiency of various immobilization methods follows the order： stratified 〉 single F-3-4 〉 mixed ≈single F-1-4. The immobilized biodegradation capacity was higher than the free one. After an incubation time of 12 d, 91% of 2,6-DTBP could be degraded by the stratified immobilization method, compared to 79% achieved by the mixed immobilization method with an initial 2,6-DTBP concentration of 100 mg/L. The stratified immobilization satisfies the oxygen demand nature of the aerobic F-3-4 and the facultative F-1-4, thus yielding the highest degradation efficiency. Both the outer layer strain F-3-4 and the inner layer strain F-1-4 can grow actively on the substrate of 2,6-DTBP, as illustrated by SEM images. This study shows that the highly bio-refractory compound, 2,6-DTBP, can be effectively degraded using appropriately inunobilized microorganism strains.     

混合金属粉尘爆炸最小点火能量影响因素研究*

为探究混合金属粉尘爆炸危险性及与单一粉体爆炸特性差异,确保车间安全生产,采用粉尘云点火能量测试系统对车间混合金属粉尘及铝粉最小点火能量在不同影响因素下的变化规律及2种粉尘火焰变化特征进行测试。研究结果表明:混合金属粉尘和铝粉最小点火能量在一定范围内（38~96 μm）与粒径呈正相关性,当混合金属粉尘粒径大于75 μm时,所需最小点火能量大于1 000 mJ,其爆炸敏感性迅速降低,此时铝粉仍有较强爆炸敏感性;2种粉尘最小点火能量随质量浓度增加呈先降低后升高的趋势,最小点火能分别为295,15 mJ,对应的敏感质量浓度为600,1 000 g/m3,混合金属粉尘在质量浓度为500~700 g/m3时具有较大爆炸危险性;同铝粉相比,混合金属粉尘点火能量更高、火焰燃烧时间更短、火焰高度更低、爆炸剧烈程度更弱。     

Catalytic oxidation of o-chlorophenol over Co2XAl (X= Co,Mg, Ca,Ni) hydrotalcite-derived mixed oxide catalysts

• Superior catalytic activity observed for o-chlorophenol oxidation on Co₂MgAlO. • The reducibility, oxygen species and basicity influenced catalytic activity. • The organic by-products were generated in o-chlorophenol catalytic oxidation. A cobalt-based hydrotalcite-like compound was prepared using a constant-pH coprecipitation method. Cobalt-transition metal oxides (Co₂XAlO, X= Co, Mg, Ca and Ni) were investigated for the deep catalytic oxidation of o-chlorophenol as a typical heteroatom contaminant containing chlorine atoms. The partial substitution of Co by Mg, Ca or Ni in the mixed oxide can promote the catalytic oxidation of o-chlorophenol. The Co₂MgAlO catalyst presented the best catalytic activity, and could maintain 90% o-chlorophenol conversion at 167.1°C, compared only 27% conversion for the Co₃AlO catalyst. The results demonstrated that the high activity could be attributed to its increased low-temperature reducibility, rich active oxygen species and excellent oxygen mobility. In the existence of acid and base sites, catalysts with strong basicity also showed preferred activity. The organic by-products generated during the o-chlorophenol catalytic oxidation over Co₂MgAlO catalyst included carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2,6-dichloro-p-benzoquinon, et al. This work provides a facile method for the preparation of Co-based composite oxide catalysts, which represent promising candidates for typical chlorinated and oxygenated volatile organic compounds.