RESPONSES OF BACTERIA TO THE PRESENCE OF CARBARYL IN WATER. II. PURE CULTURE VS. MIXED CULTURE RESPONSE1

ABSTRACT: Escherichia coli. Streptococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus were tested in pure culture and in various combined mixed cultures to determine effects of the presence of carbaryl in water. Oxygen uptake of E. coli and S. typhimirium was stimulated by five mg/L carbaryl when mixed together, but no stimulation was observed when either organism was tested alone or with other bacteria. In mixed culture the survival time of S. faecalis was reduced in the presence of five mg/L carbaryl; however, the survival time of both S. aureus and S. typhimurium was increased in the presence of five mg/L carbaryl. Implications of these results are discussed.     

市政污泥与生活垃圾掺烧工艺探讨

本文概括介绍了国内市政污泥处理处置的现状和目前不同类型的市政污泥处理处置技术，根据国外经验和国内情况做了市政污泥与生活垃圾掺烧的探讨，并总结了通过掺烧试验进行的工程应用实践。     

AN APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING TO WATER RESOURCES PLANNING: AN ECONOMIC VIEW1

ABSTRACT: Individuals involved in state water resource planning generally have avoided any development of a comprehensive public water planning investment model that would set the stage for quantitative recommendations of a “what ought to be” tone for future water strategies. Three New Hampshire towns were selected to illustrate the usefulness of a mixed integer multiperiod programming model that utilizes hydrologic and economic data for identifying the discounted least cost of water supply, distribution, and scheduling. Comparisons are made regarding the feasibility of a regional water system approach versus independent “town by town” water supplies that presently prevail. To analyze the sensitivity of optimal water planning solutions to projected water demands, variations in these demands are made.     

生物滴滤塔净化含硫混合废气

利用甲硫醚(DMS)降解菌Alcaligenes sp.SY1和丙硫醇(PT)降解菌Pseudomonas putida.S-1强化生物滴滤塔(BTF)处理DMS和PT的混合废气,研究了其挂膜启动及稳定运行阶段的降解性能,并考察了该系统同时去除H2S的能力.结果表明,BTF在DMS和PT进口浓度均为50 mg·m-3,EBRT为30 s的条件下,运行11 d即可完成挂膜启动,填料上的生物量明显增加,DMS、PT的去除率分别可达到90%和100%.系统稳定运行时,DMS和PT的最大去除负荷分别为8.7 g·(m~3·h)~(-1)和12.4 g·(m~3·h)~(-1),PT的去除效果更佳.DMS和PT混合废气在降解过程中,PT对DMS的降解有较明显的抑制作用,当PT进气浓度大于51 mg·m-3时,DMS的去除效率下降.BTF还能同时有效去除H2S,当混合废气中H2S浓度达到230 mg·m-3时,H2S去除率仍能高达98%,但是115 mg·m-3以上的H2S会对DMS的降解产生不利影响.     

污泥与煤在CO2/O2及N2/O2气氛条件下的混燃特性分析

采集了广州具有代表性的市政污泥,利用热重法对单一污泥、煤及其混合样品在CO_2/O_2及N_2/O_2气氛条件下进行了TG(热重)实验,同时计算了污泥和煤的4个燃烧特性指数,获得了燃烧的动力学参数.实验结果表明,污泥燃烧有4个燃烧阶段,包括水分析出、挥发分析出与燃烧、固定碳的燃烧和无机盐类挥发分解,其中,挥发分析出与燃烧是污泥燃烧的主要阶段;煤掺烧污泥可以提高煤的着火性能.在CO_2/O_2及N_2/O_2燃烧气氛下,增加O_2浓度,污泥与煤混合样的热重曲线整体向低温区移动,微商热重曲线峰值增大,峰宽变小,燃烧性能增强.在CO_2/O_2气氛下,O_2浓度从30%增加到60%时,污泥的挥发分释放特性指数D、可燃性指数C、燃尽指数Cb、综合燃烧特性指数S分别增加了45%、12%、18%、6%.相同O_2浓度条件下,污泥与煤在CO_2/O_2气氛下的着火性能较N_2/O_2气氛滞后,最大峰值变小,高浓度的CO_2抑制其混合样的燃烧.采用Coats-Redfern方程计算得到3个燃烧阶段反应的动力学参数,其中,增加O_2浓度,污泥与煤混合样品的质量平均表观反应活化能Em减小,并且O_2浓度越高越有利于燃烧反应的进行.污泥与煤混合燃烧取n=2可以对挥发分燃烧与固定碳燃尽峰峰前与峰后的反应模型进行描述.     

海洋菌株y3的分离鉴定及其异养硝化-好氧反硝化特性

从胶州湾海底沉积物中筛选出1株高效的海洋异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌y3,经形态学观察、生理生化实验和16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定该菌株为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).对其在实际含氮海水中的脱氮实验结果表明,菌株y3的最佳碳源为柠檬酸三钠,最适p H为7.0,最适C/N为13;菌株均能以NH4Cl、Na NO_2和KNO_3为唯一氮源进行反应,20 h后其去除率分别为98.69%、78.38%和72.95%,在硝化过程中几乎没有亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的积累.以不同比例混合两种氮源反应20 h,当NO~-_3-N∶NO~-_2-N分别为2∶1、1∶1和1∶2时,脱氮率分别为99.56%、99.75%和99.41%;当NH~+_4-N∶NO~-_3-N分别为2∶1、1∶1、1∶2时,脱氮率均为100%;当NH~+_4-N∶NO~-_2-N分别为2∶1、1∶1、1∶2时,脱氮率分别为90.43%、92.79%和99.96%,多高于单一氮源的情况.该菌株具有较好的高盐废水脱氮处理效能.     

Total pollution effects of urban surface runoff

e values of MFFn (mass first flush ratio) and FF30 (first 30% of runoff volume) can be considered as split-flow control criteria to enable more effective and economical design of structural BMPs (best management practices) facilities.     

混合污泥接种的厌氧氨氧化处理污泥脱水液的启动

采用UASB反应器,接种由好氧颗粒污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥、氧化沟活性污泥及短程硝化活性污泥组成的混合污泥,以污泥脱水液经短程硝化处理后水质为进水,在温度(30±0.2)℃, pH值7.3~7.9,初期进水氨氮、亚硝氮容积负荷分别为0.07, 0.10kg/(m3×d)条件下,经过24d运行,氨氮和亚硝氮得到稳定同步去除,186d时TN去除负荷达0.99 kg/(m3×d).启动初期,氨氮、亚硝氮进水浓度分别为20,30mg/L,二者浓度随去除量增加而逐级增加,最高分别达到157,216mg/L;启动过程中,系统受到O2抑制以及O2和亚硝氮基质的连续抑制,分别经过了约10d和30d才得以恢复. 厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)反应与反硝化反应可以共存于系统中,产气量与总氮去除呈正比关系,可及时地指示系统运行状态,对气体成分检测,氮气含量在99.8%.在稳定期ANAMMOX反应呈pH值升高而碱度略有降低.接种混合污泥、低基质负荷启动ANAMMOX,可30d内实现稳定的氨氮和亚硝氮同步去除,180d左右启动成功.     

Monitoring of non-point source pollutants load from a mixed forest land use

The aim of this study was to determine the unit load of NPS (non-point source) pollutants including organic variables such as BOD (biochemical oxygen demand),COD (chemical oxygen demand) and DOC (dissolved organic carbon),nitrogen and phosphorus constituents,and suspended solids (SS) and their event mean concentration (EMC) of runoff flows from a water-shed of mixed forest land use by intensive field experiments.Field monitoring for continuous measurements of rainfall,flow,and water quality was conducted over 12 storm events during 2008–2009 using automated and manual sampling methods.The EMCs of individual runoff event were estimated for each water quality constituent based on the flow rate and concentration data of runoff discharge.The average EMCs of BOD,COD,DOC,SS,TN (total nitrogen),NH 4+ -N,NO 3- -N,TP (total phosphorus),PO 43- -P from the mixed forest land were 1.794,3.498,1.462,10.269,0.862,0.044,0.634,0.034,and 0.005 mg/L,respectively.The annual unit loads of BOD,COD,DOC,SS,TN,NH 4+ -N,NO 3- -N,TP and PO 43--P were estimated as 66.9,133.2,55.5,429.8,36.5,1.6,26.9,1.3 and 0.1 kg/(ha·yr),respectively.In addition,affecting parameters on the EMCs were investigated by statistic analysis of the field data.As a result,significant correlations with precipitation,rainfall intensity,and total runoff flows were found in most constituents.     

Total mercury in wild fish in Guizhou reservoirs, China

The health hazard of mercury (Hg) compounds is internationally recognized, and the main pathways for methylmercury (MeHg) intake in humans are through consumption of food, especially fish. Given the large releases of Hg to the environment in China, combined with the fast development of hydropower, this issue deserves attention. Provided similar mobilization pathways of Hg in China as seen in reservoirs in North America and Europe one should expect increased Hg contamination in relation to future hydropower reservoir construction in this country. This study presents total Hg (THg) concentrations in wild fish from six Guizhou reservoirs, China. The THg concentrations in fish were generally low despite high background levels in the bedrock and depositions from local point sources. The over all mean ± SD concentration of THg was (0.066 ± 0.078) μg/g (n = 235). After adjusting for among-reservoir variation in THg, there were significant differences in THg among functional groups of the fish, assumed to re?ect trophic levels. Predicted THg- concentration ratios, retrieved from a mixed linear model, between the functional groups were 9:4:4:1 for carnivorous, omnivorous, planktivorous and herbivorous fish. This result indicated that MeHg accumulation may prevail even under circumstances with short food chains as in this Chinese water system. No fish exceeded recommended maximum THg limit for human consumption set by World Health Organization and the Standardization Administration of China (0.5 μg/g fish wet weight (ww)). Only six fish (2.5%) exceeded the maximum THg limit set by US Environmental Protection Agency (0.3 μg/g fish ww).