基于格网的河西绿洲乡村聚落时空演变及其与水土资源的空间耦合关系

基于1 km×1 km格网,论文综合运用景观指数、分散度、核密度、空间耦合关联等方法,研究河西走廊山丹县1998—2015年乡村聚落景观格局分异及时空演变特征,探讨绿洲乡村聚落与水土资源的空间耦合关系,结果表明：1）乡村聚落用地总面积扩张较快、空间分散化趋势明显,斑块数和斑块密度增大、平均斑块面积减小,乡村聚落景观指数在1998—2008年间相比2008—2015年间变化剧烈,后期逐渐趋于稳定;2）3个年份乡村聚落核密度空间分布格局基本一致,主干道路、渠系等线状地物沿线密集,外围区域稀疏,并以线状地物为中心向外呈阶梯状递减;3）1998—2008年乡村聚落分散度呈增加趋势,2008年后趋于稳定,乡村聚落空间分布由相对集中走向零星分散,聚落“散、空、乱”现象普遍;4）乡村聚落与耕地和渠系空间分布关系密切,存在显著的“耕地指向性”和“渠系指向性”;K指数1998年以“人多地少型”为主,2008和2015年转向“人少地多型”和“人地协调型”;L指数总体表现为“渠系偏多型”和“聚落-渠系协调型”。水土资源是约束和限制绿洲人口和聚落存在和发展的主要因素,人-水-土系统存在着高度的相互依存性和共生性。     

基于生态系统对宝鸡传统乡村旅游新模式探究

基于生态系统对宝鸡传统乡村旅游新模式进行了探究。首先通过分析宝鸡部分传统乡村旅游的现状,对宝鸡传统乡村旅游现状进行了介绍。提出宝鸡开展民俗旅游的一些不足之处;其次说明基于生态系统理念,对宝鸡传统乡村旅游和生态环境的促进作用;然后提出观光主题公园与乡村民俗旅游的结合,可以更好地促进乡村生态环境和乡村旅游的可持续性发展,更能充分开发旅游资源,丰富旅游项目,促进乡村环境和乡村经济的双重发展,使宝鸡传统乡村旅游新模式得到发展。     

基于改进TOPSIS模型的西部河谷型城市生态安全时空分异及障碍因子诊断

西部河谷型城市生态安全及障碍因子诊断对协调西部地区城市生态环境保护与社会经济产业持续发展具有重要意义。基于PSR模型集成改进TOPSIS和障碍度诊断模型,选取2005-2015年西部地区20个典型河谷型城市为评价单元,对生态安全系统时空演化规律及障碍因子进行实证分析。结果表明:1)西部河谷型城市生态安全水平整体呈上升趋势,但总体处于临界安全级(Ⅲ)水平;2)生态安全呈西高东低、北高南低的空间格局特征,生态安全空间差异性明显,但随着时间推移,各城市生态安全差异有缩小趋势,生态安全水平下降的城市数量在减少,生态安全水平上升的城市数量在增加;3)准则层中用地状态和经济响应是制约生态安全的主要障碍因子,指标层中环保投入占财政支出比重、人均公园绿地面积、人均水资源占有量、人均耕地面积、人均城市道路面积、科技投入占财政支出比重、城镇化水平7项因子成为主要的障碍因子。因城市规模不同,西部河谷型城市生态安全主要障碍因子变化特征不一。     

A multiscale hierarchical Markov transition matrix model for generating and analyzing thematic raster maps

A model is described for generating hierarchically scaled spatial pattern as represented in a thematic raster map. The model involves a series of Markov transition matrices, one for each level in the scaling hierarchy. In full generality, the model allows the transition matrices to be different at each level, potentially making available a large number of parameters for landscape characterization. The model is self-similar when the transition matrices are all equal. A method is presented for fitting the model to data that take the form of a single-resolution thematic raster map. Explicit analytic solutions are obtained for the fitted parameters. The fitting method is based on a relationship between the hierarchical transitions in the model and spatial transitions at varying distance scales in the data map, a categorical analogy of the geostatistical variogram.     

长期有机无机肥配合施用土壤中添加不同肥料养分后土壤微生物短期变化

为了阐明改变肥料养分投入后土壤微生物特性的短期变化,采集长期定位有机无机肥配施的红壤水稻土,通过室内培育试验,观测添加不同肥料养分后土壤微生物生物量碳及BIOLOG群落功能多样性的变化.结果表明,长期有机无机肥配施土壤中添加无机肥料养分短期内( 185 d)降低了15％～22％的微生物生物量碳含量和55.6％的微生物群落平均光密度；添加有机肥料养分短期内提高了8％～42％的微生物生物量碳含量和992％的微生物群落平均光密度；而不添加肥料养分短期内提高了501％的微生物群落平均光密度,降低了微生物群落均一性,但对微生物生物量碳含量影响不大.此外,添加不同肥料养分均改变了土壤微生物群落碳源代谢模式.长期配施有机无机肥土壤中添加不同肥料养分后土壤微生物生态特征发生明显变化,其差异体现在微生物生物量碳与微生物碳源利用特性的变化上.     

Effect of dung deposition on small-scale patch structure and seasonal vegetation dynamics in mountain pastures

Cattle activity greatly influences plant species composition and biomass production of grassland ecosystems. Dung deposition by cattle together with grazing and trampling can be considered as one of the important factors driving vegetation dynamics in pastures. The objective of this study was to investigate at 10-cm and 1-month resolution the plant community dynamics induced by dung deposition in two plant communities (a mesotrophic and an oligotrophic grassland) in a pasture of the Swiss Jura Mountains. Vegetation was sampled four or three times during the vegetation period in contiguous 10 cm × 10 cm quadrats from the centre of the dung pat to a distance of 60 cm. A lower grazing intensity near the dung pat was recorded for all observation periods. In the mesotrophic grassland the canopy was higher near the dung pat already one week after dung deposition. Vegetation around dung pats was submitted to two opposite fertilizing and grazing gradients, which induced changes in vegetation texture and structure at fine scale and short term. We observed a positive rank correlation between species turnover and distance to the dung for both communities, suggesting a seasonal stabilizing effect of dung on the plant composition of their direct surroundings (0–10 cm) likely due to cattle avoidance. Since dung pats are dropped every year in different locations, they create in the pasture a shifting mosaic of nutrient availability and grazing intensity inducing at seasonal scale micro-successions in plant communities.     

Analysis of landscape pattern: towards a ‘top down’ indicator for evaluation of landuse

Landscapes as highly complex systems are subject to many different assessment procedures despite the fact that their development is not really predictable. Every synthetic model of landscape functioning will probably fail in demonstrating the landscape behaviour due to the decreasing precision and relevance of its output with increasing complexity. Two approaches are presented here which use deductive methods to describe landscape behaviour as indicated by its spatial structure. The one is a correlative concept which is characterized by all the advantages and disadvantages of statistical regression methods. It is strongly dependent on data quality. In the second study an expert knowledge system is developed. Fuzzy set theory is applied to transfer rules of landscape ecological experience to image parameters derived from satellite data. Both approaches are compared regarding the problems faced in the work during implication. Theoretical restrictions and the applicability in landscape assessment is discussed.     

新农村建设背景下农村环境教育对策研究

目前我国新农村环境形势十分严峻,环境教育薄弱是一个重要的原因.农村环境教育是我国环境教育的重要组成部分,也是当前我国环境保护和环境教育工作的重点.设计切实可行的教育方案是成功实施农村环境教育的关键.在论述环境教育意义的基础上,分析了强化平台基地建设和推进环境信息公开,在农村环境宣传教育中的基础作用.设计了领导干部和公务员、乡镇企业领导和员工、农民、城镇居民、大学生和未成年人等五大重点群体环境教育方案,提出了确保环境教育取得实效的长效保障机制对策建议.     

活性污泥储存与消耗乙酸基质的试验研究与模拟

同时贮存与生长理论认为,活性污泥吸收有机碳基质同时用于储存和生长.向SBR反应器投加不同浓度乙酸基质,监测活性污泥氧利用速率(OUR)、聚羟基烷酸盐(PHA)和出水COD的变化,运用活性污泥同时贮存与生长理论分析有机碳储存与消耗过程的特征.结果表明,饱食期结束与COD消耗至最低水平、PHA浓度出现最大值和OUR由最大值急速下降相对应;在饱食阶段,基质贮存OUR是利用外部基质直接生长OUR的2倍.随基质投加历时延长,饱食期平均OUR和最大OUR均下降,PHA产率降低,甚至出现PHA净消耗.因此,基质投加方式对有机碳基质储存与消耗有重要影响.     

基于离线采集模式的高低温低气压试验箱校准技术的研究

针对高低温低气压箱校准技术展开研究,分析了传统校准方案的不足之处,提出了一种基于离线采集模式的高低温低气压试验箱温度、压力校准方案,并结合虚拟仪器、数据库与MATLAB,完成了该方案的设计与实现。最后通过实验验证了该方案的可靠性与可行性,并应用到环境与可靠性工作中。