20年间艾比湖流域植被覆盖度景观格局变化

选取艾比湖流域1990年、2001年、2011年同期（9月）3期I．and．satTM遥感影像,基于归一化植被指数NDVI,提取植被覆盖等级图,利用ArcGIS9．3和Fragstas3．3对该流域植被景观的变化进行了分析研究。结果表明：1990—2011年,该流域植被覆盖度变化明显,低植被覆盖区和较低植被覆盖区都有所减少,分别由1990年的34．05％和32．94％减少到2011年的32．8％和24．06％;较高植被覆盖区和高植被覆盖区有所增加,分别由8．49％和5．20％增长到15．13％和9．83％,但水域面积退化明显,由1990年的525．9765km2缩小至494．9876km2,减少了30．9889km2,退缩幅度达O．4％;最大斑块指数（LPI）由17．04上升到21．10,香农多样性指数（SHDI）和香农均势度指数（SHEI）分别由1．5387和0．8588增长到1．6395和0．9150。表明艾比湖流域景观格局混杂程度愈来愈高,空间异质性在逐年加强,总体空间格局向破碎化趋势发展。     

水土流失地区农田可持续利用的评价模型研究

通过水土流失地区不同农业生产方式对土地质量及土壤生产力的影响研究,探讨不同作物及其不同的种植方式对农田可持续利用的评价预测模型及土地资源利用的价值核算方法。通过对山西省闻喜县的案例应用验证,表明了在农业可持续发展研究中应用的可行性。     

Analyzing maps of dispersal around a single focus

The spatial pattern of organisms may be used to characterize their dispersal, quantify spread or estimate the point of introduction of an alien species. Their distribution may be represented by maps of individuals, or by counts or by presence/absence at known positions within a sampled area. The problems and relative merits of these different forms of data for spatial inference are discussed. Three datasets concerning dispersal from a single focus are analyzed: counts of aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae, on barley plants, Hordeum vulgare, grown in experi- mental trays; mapped locations of couch grass, Elymus repens, tillers within plots of a field experiment; locations of sightings of the lupin aphid, Macrosiphum albifrons, as it invaded Great Britain between 1981 and 1984. A method for generating maps from counts is proposed to overcome problems caused by recording imprecision. Several statistics are used to quantify dispersal and spatial pattern in the experimental data and together provide a clear picture of the spatial pattern observed; they enabled several effects of the experimental treatments to be identified. The value of the statistics are compared. Estimates of the source of the lupin aphid invasion are obtained using the backtracking methods of Perry (1995b) and do not contradict previous suggestions.     

云南高黎贡山白颌大角蟾的核型,C—带及Ag—NORs的研究

比较了云南高黎贡山地区的贡山独龙江和腾冲大蒿坪白颌大角蟾（Megophryslateralis）两个地理种群的核型、C-带和Ag-NORs结果表明,两个地理种群在核型和带型上都有差异两个地理种群的核型均为2n＝26,NF＝52染色体形态差异不明显,而次缢痕的位置完全不同,贡山独龙江标本的次缢痕位于No．2的长臂上近着丝点处,腾冲标本的次缢痕位于No．5的短臂上近着丝点的部位在腾冲标本中发现一雄性个体中有一条额外的染色体,可能是B染色体两地标本的C-带差异不太显著,贡山独龙江标本的C-带相对较为显著．贡山独龙江标本的Ag-NORs位于No．2长臂近着丝点处,与次缢痕的部位对应,两条同源染色体上大小有显著差异．腾冲标本的Ag-NORs位于No．5短臂上近着丝点处,与次缢痕的部位对应依据核型和带型的比较,对白颌大角蟾的分类和进化问题进行了讨论。     

Patterns and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in surficial sediments of Lakes Erie and Ontario

This study determines spatial trends and congener patterns of 2378-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in surficial sediments of Lakes Erie and Ontario. Sediments are enriched in 2378-PCDFs in Lake Ontario, and the PCDD/F concentrations increased from shallow near-shore sediments towards deep-water depositional zone sediments. In Lake Erie, sediments were dominated by octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and the highest PCDD/F concentrations were observed in the western basin and the southern shoreline of the central basin with a decrease towards the eastern basin and the northern shoreline of the central basin. Principal components analysis revealed that chemical manufacture and disposal of chemical waste along the Niagara River has been a major PCDD/F source to Lake Ontario; while PCDD/Fs in Lake Erie are from multiple sources including industrial sources along the Detroit River, major tributaries along the southern shoreline of the lake, and atmospherically-derived material from the upper lakes and connecting channels.     

Biomonitoring seasonal variation of urban air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using Ficus benghalensis leaves

Temporal and seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations in leaves of Ficus benghalensis were investigated in Varanasi city (India). Leaf samples were collected from six sites from urban area of Varanasi and from a control site. PAH extraction was done by sonication in dichloromethane-acetone and quantification by GC-MS. In January total leaf PAHs concentrations at all the urban sites were twice higher as compared to other season's viz. summer and rainy. In contrast, at the control site leaf PAHs concentrations showed lower values than urban sites. The maximum concentrations of total PAHs in winter were due to the medium molecular weight PAHs which increases with respect to both low and high molecular weight PAHs. The temporal variation of medium molecular weight PAHs was similar both at the urban and remote sites. These results support biomonitoring ability of Ficus benghalensis leaves to temporal variations in PAHs contamination.     

Development of a nonlocal convective mixing scheme with varying upward mixing rates for use in air quality and chemical transport models

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: Asymmetrical convective non-local scheme (CON) with varying upward mixing rates is developed for simulation of vertical turbulent mixing in the convective boundary layer in air quality and chemical transport models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The upward mixing rate form the surface layer is parameterized using the sensible heat flux and the friction and convective velocities. Upward mixing rates varying with height are scaled with an amount of turbulent kinetic energy in layer, while the downward mixing rates are derived from mass conservation. RESULTS: This scheme provides a less rapid mass transport out of surface layer into other layers than other asymmetrical convective mixing schemes. DISCUSSION: In this paper, we studied the performance of a nonlocal convective mixing scheme with varying upward mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer and its impact on the concentration of pollutants calculated with chemical and air-quality models. This scheme was additionally compared versus a local eddy-diffusivity scheme (KSC). Simulated concentrations of NO(2) and the nitrate wet deposition by the CON scheme are closer to the observations when compared to those obtained from using the KSC scheme. CONCLUSIONS: Concentrations calculated with the CON scheme are in general higher and closer to the observations than those obtained by the KSC scheme (of the order of 15-20%). Nitrate wet deposition calculated with the CON scheme are in general higher and closer to the observations than those obtained by the KSC scheme. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: To examine the performance of the scheme, simulated and measured concentrations of a pollutant (NO(2)) and nitrate wet deposition was compared for the year 2002. The comparison was made for the whole domain used in simulations performed by the chemical European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme Unified model (version UNI-ACID, rv2.0) where schemes were incorporated.     

基于马尔科夫模型的芜湖市景观格局演变研究

在遥感和地理信息系统的支持下，利用1996年和2003年2个时期的Landsat—TM假彩色合成影像作为信息源，获取芜湖市景观类型的转化数据，并结合国土局的土地详查数据，确定相应的转移概率矩阵，应用马尔科夫过程模拟土地类型景观的动态演变情况和未来演变的趋势。结果表明，随着城市化过程的发展，研究区内各种土地类型不断地向城市用地转化。     

豫西黄河流域土地利用景观空间格局分析

运用景观生态学原理,借助GIS技术,选取景观指数对豫西黄河流域土地利用景观格局进行分析。结果表明,林地和以旱地为主的农业景观是豫西黄河流域的主体景观类型;各景观类型间斑块密度值差距较大,斑块形状指数差异较明显,总体上较简单;研究区域景观异质性和多样性较高,各景观类型所占比例差异较大,农田和林地占有较大优势。该区域景观破碎化程度较小,特别是西部地区地形起伏较大,人类干扰活动相对较小。     

水陆交错生态脆弱带景观格局时空变化分析——以洞庭湖区为例

应用3个时期航空遥感图像为基本信息源,在Arc/Info系统的支持下,建立空间信息库,应用景观破碎度、分维数、优势度、多样性指数、均匀性指数等指标,对洞庭湖区景观空间格局的时空演变进行分析,结果表明:水陆景观之间的交替变化显著,耕地面积减少最多,达30608hm₂,水域面积增加最多,净增48978hm₂。20a来整个区域的景观破碎度加重,多样性增加,优势度下降。进一步具体分析各景观类型发现,耕地、草地、居住建设用地的破碎度和分离度1980～1990年间表现为增加,1990～2000年则表现为减少,表明湖区的自然保护区建设和退田还湖、移民建镇政策已初显成效。由于受泥沙淤积和退田还湖的影响,20a中水域景观的分布质心整体上移动了2.31km,向东南偏离了53.87°。