不同围压条件下的圆形巷道岩爆过程模拟

利用FLAC模拟了不同围压条件下圆形巷道的岩爆过程。为了模拟巷道开挖,利用编写的FISH函数删除巷道内部的单元。岩石服从摩尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的破坏准则,破坏之后呈现应变软化-理想塑性行为。模拟结果表明:当围压较低时,剪切应变集中区域呈圆环状,围岩能保持稳定,不出现剪切带;当围压增加到一定程度时,围岩中出现了"狗耳"形的V形坑,发生岩爆,但围岩也还能保持稳定;当围压进一步增加时,围岩中出现了多条狭长的剪切带,巷道的整个断面均遭到了破坏,发生强烈的岩爆。随着围压的增加,V形岩爆坑变大、变深,剪切带花样的对称性变差;在高围压时,剪切带花样与塑性力学中的滑移线网有类似之处。     

MIXING INDUCED BY AN INTERNAL HYDRAULIC JUMP1

ABSTRACT The efficiency of an inverted internal hydraulic jump as a mixing and dispersion mechanism in an aquatic environment was examined. The flow considered was a two-dimensional buoyant flow from a shallow channel over a sloping bottom into a deep reservoir. It could be seen that a rapidly varied flow associated with violent turbulent mixing occurred near the point of discharge if specific discharge conditions and downstream controls were met. Downstream from the mixing zone the flow was stably stratified. The main object of the study was to find the conditions under which a turbulent mixing zone occurred and the rate of turbulent entrainment. Energy loss and length of the mixing zone were also investigated. The independent variables were the outlet densimetric Froude number, the density differential between outfall water and receiving water, the relative depths of the upper and lower layers in the stratified flow portion, the total depth, and the slope of the transition. Theoretical calculations had to be confined to a step increase in depth, but experiments in a laboratory flume showed that results obtained with slopes of 23° and 90° were quite similar. Both theory and experiments showed, for example, that dilution (entrainment rates) up to 2:1 (2 parts heated water to one part cold water) can be achieved at very little energy expense and with downstream depths approximately 8 times the outlet depth. Theoretically, any amount of dilution can be obtained, but large depths may be required. Experimental results also indicate that the length of the mixing zone was frequently ten times the value of the outlet densimetric Froude number.     

农村居民点用地问题研究--以安徽宣城市为例

引入距离指数、分散度等定量指标,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,从用地数量、布局等方面对宣城市农村居民点用地现状进行了阐述,在此基础上对农村居民点用地存在的主要问题进行了深入分析与探讨,并针对存在的问题提出相应的对策及建议.其研究结果不但为农村居民点用地整理的开展、农村社区生态环境的改善等提供了理论参考,而且对土地利用总体规划的修编提供了重要参考价值.     

四川旅游经济产业化发展对策与模式

针对作为旅游资源大省的四川在旅游经济效益方面处于全国甚至西部地区的中下水平,探讨如何开发这一产业,并使之成为四川经济的重要支柱产业.结合四川省的旅游经济现状、产业优势和出现的问题等方面进行分析,提出了四川省旅游经济产业化发展的3种模式,即政府主导模式、"资源 资本"模式、中外合资开发模式.     

INCREASING WATER SUPPLY BY MIXING OF FRESH AND SALINE GROUND WATERS1

ABSTRACT: The quality of ground water in any aquifer takes its final form due to natural mixture of waters, which may originate from different sources. Water quality varies from one aquifer to another and even within the same aquifer itself. Different ground water quality is obtained from wells and is mixed in a common reservoir prior to any consumption. This artificial mixing enables an increase in available ground water of a desired quality for agricultural or residential purposes. The question remains as to what proportions of water from different wells should be mixed together to achieve a desired water quality for this artificial mixture. Two sets of laboratory experiments were carried out, namely, the addition of saline water to a fixed volume of fresh water. After each addition, the mixture volume and the electric conductivity value of the artificially mixed water were recorded. The experiments were carried out under the same laboratory temperature of 20°C. A standard curve was developed first experimentally and then confirmed theoretically. This curve is useful in determining either the volume or discharge ratio from two wells to achieve a predetermined electrical conductivity value of the artificial mixture. The application of the curve is given for two wells within the Quaternary deposits in the western part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.     

基于马尔科夫模型的芜湖市景观格局演变研究

在遥感和地理信息系统的支持下，利用1996年和2003年2个时期的Landsat—TM假彩色合成影像作为信息源，获取芜湖市景观类型的转化数据，并结合国土局的土地详查数据，确定相应的转移概率矩阵，应用马尔科夫过程模拟土地类型景观的动态演变情况和未来演变的趋势。结果表明，随着城市化过程的发展，研究区内各种土地类型不断地向城市用地转化。     

Linking linear programming and spatial simulation models to predict landscape effects of forest management alternatives

Forest management planners require analytical tools to assess the effects of alternative strategies on the sometimes disparate benefits from forests such as timber production and wildlife habitat. We assessed the spatial patterns of alternative management strategies by linking two models that were developed for different purposes. We used a linear programming model (Spectrum) to optimize timber harvest schedules, then a simulation model (HARVEST) to project those schedules in a spatially explicit way and produce maps from which the spatial pattern of habitat could be calculated. We demonstrated the power of this approach by evaluating alternative plans developed for a national forest plan revision in Wisconsin, USA. The amount of forest interior habitat was inversely related to the amount of timber cut, and increased under the alternatives compared to the current plan. The amount of edge habitat was positively related to the amount of timber cut, and increased under all alternatives. The amount of mature northern hardwood interior and edge habitat increased for all alternatives, but mature pine habitat area varied. Mature age classes of all forest types increased, and young classes decreased under all alternatives. The average size of patches (defined by age class) generally decreased. These results are consistent with the design goals of each of the alternatives, but reveal that the spatial differences among the alternatives are modest. These complementary models are valuable for quantifying and comparing the spatial effects of alternative management strategies.     

Water Quality Changes as a Result of Coalbed Methane Development in a Rocky mountain Watershed1

Abstract: Coalbed methane (CBM) development raises serious environmental concerns. In response, concerted efforts have been made to collect chemistry, salinity, and sodicity data on CBM produced water. However, little information on changes of stream water quality resulting from directly and/or indirectly received CBM produced water is available in the literature. The objective of this study was to examine changes instream water quality, particularly sodicity and salinity, due to CBM development in the Powder River watershed, which is located in the Rocky Mountain Region and traverses the states of Wyoming and Montana. To this end, a retrospective analysis of water quality trends and patterns was conducted using data collected from as early as 1946 up to and including 2002 at four U.S. Geological Survey gauging stations along the Powder River. Trend analysis was conducted using linear regression and Seasonal Kendall tests, whereas, Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons was used to detect changes in the spatial pattern. The results indicated that the CBM development adversely affected the water quality in the Powder River. First, the development elevated the stream sodicity, as indicated by a significant increase trend of the sodium adsorption ratio. Second, the development tended to shrink the water quality differences among the three downstream stations but to widen the differences between these stations and the farthest upstream station. In contrast, the development had only a minor influence on stream salinity, as indicated by that the stream electrical conductivity exhibited either no trend or a marginally significant positive trend. Hence, the CBM development is likely an important factor that can be managed to lower the stream sodicity. The management may need to take into account that the effects of the CBM development were different from one location to another along the Powder River.     

Interaction Between GSM Handset Helical Antenna and User's Head: Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Results

Summary The performance of a cellular phone commercial helical antenna at 900~MHz band, both in free space and in the presence of a human head phantom was studied. Numerical simulation of the phone model for the latter case has been performed giving 3D radiation diagrams. The effect of the phantom head on radiation diagrams is presented. The relative amount of the EM power absorbed in the head was obtained for several distances of the phone. Measurements were carried out in a RF anechoic chamber using standard horn antennas and a calibrated measuring system. Absolute radiation patterns of the antenna gain were obtained in the three principal planes. Significant reduction of the absorbed power could be achieved just by moving the phone 1 cm away from the head.     

A HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING STUDY TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMUM WATER INTAKE LOCATION IN LAKE PALDANG,KOREA1

A three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model was applied to Lake Paldang, South Korea. The lake has three inflows, of which Kyoungan Stream has the smallest flow rate and poorest water quality. Since all drinking water intake stations are located near the confluence of Kyoungan Stream within the lake, this contaminated tributary may have a significant impact on the quality of drinking water sources. The optimum drinking water intake location was determined from the applied model. The model was calibrated and verified using the data measured under different hydrological conditions. The model results were in reasonable agreement with the field measurements in both calibration and verification. The circulation and spreading patterns of the incoming flows in the lake, as well as their composition ratios to the drinking water intakes were determined from the model, and three alternative intake locations were proposed. The simulation results suggested that the horizontal and vertical relocations of the intake aqueduct could significantly decrease the composition ratio of the contaminated water. From this study, it was concluded that the three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model could successfully simulate the temporal and spatial mixing patterns of incoming flows and become a useful tool in determining the optimum water intake location in Lake Paldang.