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101.
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《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2013,6(4):248-261
ABSTRACTRenewable and sustainable fuels for diesel engine applications provide energy protection, overseas exchange saving and address atmospheric and socio-economic concerns. This study presents the investigational work carried out on a single cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine operated in dual fuel (DF) mode using renewable and sustainable fuels. In the first phase, a Y-shaped mixing chamber or venture was developed with varied angle facility for gas entry at 30°, 45° and 60°, respectively, to enable homogeneous air and gas mixing. Further effect of different gas and air mixture entry on the DF engine performance was studied. In the next phase of the work, hydrogen flow rate influence on the combustion and emission characteristics of a compression ignition (CI) engine operated in DF mode using diesel, neem oil methyl ester (NeOME) and producer gas has been investigated. During experimentation, hydrogen was mixed in different proportions varied from 3 to 12 l/min (lpm) in step of 3 lpm along with air-producer gas and the mixtures were directly inducted into engine cylinder during suction stroke. Experimental investigation showed that 45° Y-shaped mixing chamber resulted in improved performance with acceptable emission levels. Further, it is observed that investigation showed that at maximum operating conditions and hydrogen flow rate of 9 lpm, Diesel–producer gas and NeOME–producer gas combination showed increased thermal efficiency by 13.2% and 3.8%, respectively, compared to the DF operation without hydrogen addition. Further, it is noticed that hydrogen-enriched producer gas lowers the power derating by 5–10% and increases nitric oxide (NOx) emissions. However, increased hydrogen addition beyond the 12 lpm leads to sever knocking.Abbreviations: NeOME: Neem oil methyl ester; BTE: brake thermal efficiency; CI: compression ignition; ITE: indicated thermal efficiency; PG: producer gas; CA: crank angle; K: Kelvin; BP: brake power; IP: indicated power; H2: hydrogen; HC: unburnt hydrocarbon; CO: carbon dioxide; CO2: carbon dioxide; NOx: nitric oxide; HRR: heat release rate; %: percentage; PPM: parts per million; CMFIS: conventional mechanical fuel injection system. 相似文献
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Integrating soil carbon cycling with that of nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed model SWAT: Theory and model testing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Armen R. Kemanian Stefan Julich Valipuram S. ManoranjanJeffrey R. Arnold 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(12):1913-1921
In this paper we describe and test a sub-model that integrates the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model. The core of the sub-model is a multi-layer, one-pool soil organic carbon (SC) algorithm, in which the decomposition rate of SC and input rate to SC (through decomposition and humification of residues) depend on the current size of SC. The organic N and P fluxes are coupled to that of C and depend on the available mineral N and P, and the C:N and N:P ratios of the decomposing pools. Tillage explicitly affects the soil organic matter turnover rate through tool-specific coefficients. Unlike most models, the turnover of soil organic matter does not follow first order kinetics. Each soil layer has a specific maximum capacity to accumulate C or C saturation (Sx) that depends on texture and controls the turnover rate. It is shown in an analytical solution that Sx is a parameter with major influence in the model C dynamics. Testing with a 65-yr data set from the dryland wheat growing region in Oregon shows that the model adequately simulates the SC dynamics in the topsoil (top 0.3 m) for three different treatments. Three key model parameters, the optimal decomposition and humification rates and a factor controlling the effect of soil moisture and temperature on the decomposition rate, showed low uncertainty as determined by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation. Nonetheless, the parameter set that provided accurate simulations in the topsoil tended to overestimate SC in the subsoil, suggesting that a mechanism that expresses at depth might not be represented in the current sub-model structure. The explicit integration of C, N, and P fluxes allows for a more cohesive simulation of nutrient cycling in the SWAT model. The sub-model has to be tested in forestland and rangeland in addition to agricultural land, and in diverse soils with extreme properties such high or low pH, an organic horizon, or volcanic soils. 相似文献
104.
为了解四川盆地大气中单颗粒气溶胶理化特征,分别在该区域典型城市(成都市)和背景地区(峨眉山)进行了大气单颗粒样品采集.基于带能谱的透射电子显微镜(TEM-EDS)对两地累计3923个单颗粒的化学组成、形貌特征及混合状态等进行了全面观测和分析,并对两地颗粒物差异性进行了对比分析.结果发现:两地气溶胶颗粒主要包括有机物、富硫、矿物、烟尘和飞灰/金属颗粒,除了以单独的外混形式存在外,大多数颗粒以两种及两种以上颗粒类型混合(即内混)形式存在.通过对成都市不同污染状况下单颗粒特征对比发现,"污染天"的内混颗粒占比高于"清洁天",分别为74.2%和68.6%;相比"清洁天","污染天"颗粒物粒径分布范围更广且峰值区间更大,表明污染过程中颗粒物的大气混合趋于更强.对比成都市与峨眉山分析结果得知,成都市以内混的有机物-硫颗粒为主导(占比为50.2%),而峨眉山以外混的有机物颗粒为主导(占比为50.5%);成都市含硫类颗粒物(如有机物-硫颗粒)贡献高于峨眉山,而峨眉山两种含碳类颗粒(如烟尘和有机物-烟尘颗粒)占比高于成都市;此外,成都市与峨眉山两地大气颗粒物粒径分布范围及峰值区间均存在一定差异,进一步体现了两地颗粒物来源和老化混合的差异.在峨眉山,与非降雨天相比,一些易溶于水的颗粒物(如含硫类颗粒)在降雨天占比明显降低,而源自当地燃烧过程、粒径较小且疏水性强的颗粒物(如烟尘和有机物-烟尘颗粒)占比相应升高. 相似文献
105.
旨在提供不同使用年限建筑结构对应的活荷载水平.分析了结构可靠度理论的特点,揭示了设计使用年限是结构可靠度的时间特征.应根据不同设计使用年限活荷载的超越概率等于常规设计荷载超越概率的原则确定活荷的载标准;通过建立不同设计使用期、不同设计基准期与活荷载取值的关系,给出了不同使用年限对应活荷载与灾害荷载设防水平. 相似文献
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107.
我国森林资源及其产品流动特征分析 总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6
论文运用物流分析的基本思想,基于我国森林资源产品的产量、贸易量统计资料,采用统一的“原木当量(m3)”单位,沿森林资源采伐→资源产品加工→资源产品消费链,研究了我国“九五”期间主要森林资源产品的流动状况。结果表明,我国“九五”期间年均消耗森林资源16962×104m3,其中48.3%来自国外;本国森林资源主要流向原木、锯材、人造板加工制造行业,仅有9.3%用于制浆造纸;而纸类产品所用的森林资源主要依赖于进口;终端消费中75%的森林资源产品用于建筑装修、家具生产和包装3个主要消费项。因此,认为我国必须提高森林资源利用效率、增加纸类产品中的森林资源用量,以提高我国森林资源流动的经济效益;资源战略上既要充分利用国外森林资源,又要提高我国资源供给的保障能力。 相似文献
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109.
110.
饥饿对硫自养反硝化反应器生物群落结构的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用颗粒硫磺/白云石和黄铁矿/白云石自养反硝化反应器处理二沉尾水,探究饥饿忍耐对反应器去除效果、微生物群落变化的影响及其性能恢复时间.结果表明,在12~14℃的低温条件下,经过30 d的不进水饥饿忍耐后,颗粒硫磺/白云石和黄铁矿/白云石反应器出水NO_3~--N浓度分别从1.78 mg·L~(-1)、11.32 mg·L~(-1)增加到27.87 mg·L~(-1)、26.56 mg·L~(-1).颗粒硫磺/白云石和黄铁矿/白云石自养反硝化反应器分别在重启后的第5 d和11 d使得NO_3~--N去除性能恢复至饥饿前的水平,并且在低温条件下保持了良好的脱氮效果.MiSeq高通量测序结果表明,2个反应器的细菌群落的丰度和多样性饥饿期均低于恢复期,且优势菌门均为Proteobacteria,主要的纲类为β-Proteobacteria.硫磺/白云石反应器中鉴别出Thiobacillus菌属为主要反硝化类群. 相似文献