长江口及邻近海域水体主元素和锶同位素地球化学

根据2005年6月对长江口及其邻近海域水体的现场调查,分析探讨了长江口水体主元素、Sr及Sr同位素的组成变化。长江河水的Sr含量和87Sr/86Sr同位素比值分别为1.75μmol/L和0.7105,反映出长江流域以碳酸盐岩风化为主的化学风化特征;河口区主元素与盐度的显著正相关关系显示出它们在河水与海水混合过程中的保守特性;87Sr/86Sr与1/Sr的非线性关系则暗示了长江口水体的Sr不是河水与海水的简单混合,可能伴有其他端元水体的混入。     

2014年1月北京市大气重污染过程单颗粒物特征分析

利用在线单颗粒物气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)对2014年1月北京市典型大气重污染过程进行了连续监测,分析了具有正负离子质谱信息的颗粒物共2248225个.同时,利用ART-2a神经网络分类方法并结合Matlab统计分析,将具有质谱信息的颗粒物归为10类,分别为:矿尘类颗粒物(Dust)、元素碳颗粒物(EC)、有机碳颗粒物(OC)、元素碳和有机碳混合颗粒物(ECOC)、钠钾颗粒物(NaK)、富钾颗粒物(K)、含氮有机物(KCN)、高分子有机物(MOC,Macromolecular OC)、多环芳烃类颗粒物(PAHs)和重金属类颗粒物(Metal).结合PM_2.5质量浓度数据和HYSPLIT 4.0后向轨迹模型结果,将观测时间段划分为3个典型污染过程和1个清洁过程.结果显示,重污染期间OC、MOC和PAHs为最主要的颗粒物类型.最后,本文还比对分析了污染过程和清洁期间颗粒物的混合状态,结果表明,污染过程中硫酸盐和硝酸盐较清洁期间更容易与碳质颗粒物结合.     

南京北郊一次霾过程中气溶胶理化特征变化研究

本研究利用单颗粒飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)、宽范围粒径谱仪(WPS)并结合气象数据对南京北郊一次霾过程中气溶胶的理化特征变化进行了分析.结果表明观测期间风向变化导致的气溶胶来源变化是大气能见度变化的主要原因.最低大气能见度出现在西北气团控制期间,其次是偏东气团和北西北气团.不同方向上气溶胶粒子的粒径分布有显著的差异,其中来自西北气团的气溶胶粒子,有最大的表面积浓度,尤其是0.5~1μm粒径范围内的气溶胶粒子浓度最大;而北西北气团的气溶胶粒子主要集中在核模态和粗模态.不同气团中气溶胶粒子的化学组成也有显著的差异,其中K-nitrate、Ammonium、C3、Metal主要来自西北气团的贡献、其次为偏东气团贡献,K-Biomass、K-OC、EC、ECOC在3类气团中均有浓度贡献,其中K-OC、EC、ECOC、Dust在北西北气团所占比例最高.     

Testing the importance of accurate meteorological input fields and parameterizations in atmospheric transport modelling using dream - validation against ETEX-1

A tracer model, the DREAM, which is based on a combination of a near-range Lagrangian model and a long-range Eulerian model, has been developed. The meteorological meso-scale model, MM5V1, is implemented as a meteorological driver for the tracer model. The model system is used for studying transport and dispersion of air pollutants caused by a single but strong source as, e.g. an accidental release from a nuclear power plant. The model system including the coupling of the Lagrangian model with the Eulerian model are described. Various simple and comprehensive parameterizations of the mixing height, the vertical dispersion, and different meterological input data have been implemented in the combined tracer model, and the model results have been validated against measurements from the ETEX-1 release. Several different statistical parameters have been used to estimate the differences between the parameterizations and meterological input data in order to find the best performing solution.     

东寨港流域地表水水化学组成特征及其成因

为研究滨海地区地表水资源和红树林生态系统的水环境,利用水化学分析、数理统计和Gibbs水-岩分析模型等方法对东寨港流域内演丰西河和三江河两条河流水体的水化学组成和氢氧稳定同位素特征进行分析,揭示了演丰西河和三江河河流地表水的水化学组成特征,讨论了该区域地表水的水化学组分变化及其控制因素.结果 表明:演丰西河地表水的水化...     

COMPARISON OF DESIGN STORM CONCEPTS USING CONTINUOUS SIMULATION WITH SHORT DURATION STORMS1

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this paper were to test the ability of various design storm distributions to simulate the actual rainfall pattern and to compare the runoff rates used in the design of stormwater management devices in the State of Florida using continuous simulation approach. The analyses were performed for four gaged stations to evaluate the applicability of design storm distributions in different parts of the State of Florida. The approach used in this study compared the peak runoff rates from design storms based on the various distributions to those that would result from actual rainfall events. A series of continuous runoff rates were developed through the use of actual fifteen-minute recorded rainfall data, Horton type infiltration decay and recovery rate, and a continuous simulation model. The runoff rates were analyzed using frequency distributions to obtain peak runoff rates associated with different return periods based on the assumption that the continuous simulation approach closely predicts the actual runoff rates from the gaged stations. The results show that the behavior of the design storm distributions varies for different watershed characteristics in different parts of the state. The study also suggests that in general the Florida Department of Transportation and the Suwanne River Water Management (FDOT/ SRWMD) distributions appeared to agree with the continuous simulation results.     

等效阻尼比对基于位移的抗震设计的影响分析

等效阻尼比是基于位移抗震设计中确定等效周期的一个关键参数。通过对不同研究者提出的等效阻尼比模型进行比较研究,重点讨论了滞回模型、延性系数和等效周期对等效阻尼比的影响。结果表明,不同等效阻尼比模型的总体变化趋势是一致的;滞回模型对等效阻尼比有很大影响,Ramberg-Osgood模型的等效阻尼比是Flagshaped模型的2.56倍;等效阻尼比随着延性系数的增大而增大,尤其在μ=2～4范围内变化幅度最大;短周期与中长周期等效阻尼比相差2倍多,故等效周期小于1 s时,必须考虑其对等效阻尼比的影响。     

软土地铁隧道盾构工法端头井加固稳定性分析

以上海地铁10号线盾构隧道的进出口端头井加固为例,说明软土地区盾构端头井基坑的加固方法,重点说明高压旋喷桩和三轴搅拌桩联合加固在软土地区的应用和用FLAC软件对加固后土体进行稳定性分析。表明此种方法在软土盾构端头井加固的设计和施工的实用性,为以后同类工程的设计和施工起到一定的借鉴作用。     

2种多级厌氧系统处理高浓度焦化废水

利用多级厌氧无污泥返混与多级厌氧有污泥返混系统处理高浓度焦化污水后 ,证明多级厌氧无污泥返混系统 (各步之间没有生物数量的混合 )的性能优于多级厌氧有污泥返混系统 (各步之间有生物数量混合 )。多级厌氧无污泥返混比多级厌氧有污泥返混系统更能抵抗冲击荷载 (pH值高、COD和NH3 N浓度高 )、产生更多的沼气     

采煤塌陷对地表植物群落特征的影响

为了研究采煤塌陷对地表植被组成及其多样性的影响,对陕西省神府-东胜补连塔煤矿采煤塌陷区不同塌陷年限(2、7、12、17 a)区域和未塌陷区域(对照)植被进行抽样调查与分析. 结果表明:该区域共有14科39属46种植物,主要为草本植物;采煤塌陷对植被种类组成、物种分布有很大影响,导致植物种类显著减少31.03%~44.83%. 塌陷区优势种较对照区有较大变化,优势种由多年生草本植物演变为一二年生草本植物;但是不同塌陷年限区域植物优势种基本稳定,主要为看麦娘(Alopecurus aequalis)、烛台虫实(Corispermum candelabrum)、刺叶藜(Chenopodium aristatum)等. 采煤塌陷导致植株密度显著下降58.62%~68.00%、物种丰富度显著下降17.43%~27.00%、Margalef丰富度指数显著降低4.07%~22.76%,但植被盖度差异不显著. 采煤塌陷显著影响植物群落多样性,其中,塌陷12和17 a样地植被Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数较塌陷2 a样地显著提高. 群落排序结果表明,物种分布与塌陷有明显相关性. 塌陷区植株密度及其植被组成中多年生草本种数很难恢复到对照区水平,植被恢复进程十分缓慢.