以污水厂二沉污泥为种泥培养颗粒污泥的研究

在自制生物反应器中,以天津市纪庄子污水处理厂二沉池回流污泥为种泥,通过控制系统的运行条件成功培养出了好氧颗粒污泥,并研究了其除污性能。试验结果表明：该好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的沉降性及生物活性,并具有良好的除污效果和硝化脱氮能力,对COD、NIV—N的去除率可达到90％、80％以上,达到国标GB18918—2002一级排放标准。     

昆明市城市污水污泥的肥效及其资源化利用

目前昆明市处理城市污水３６．５万ｍ＾３／ｄ，同时产生污泥１３０ｔ／ｄ，至２０００年，污泥的数量还会增加至２２０ｔ／ｄ左右，如处置不当，极易造成二次污染。通过污泥成分分析，发现污泥中含有植物生长所需的大量营养元素，可用于花卉园林栽培，既满足了日益发展的园林产业的需要，又为污泥的消纳和利用找到一条合理的途径。     

EM在污水生物降解中的试验研究

利用有效微生物EM富集培养液进行污水处理试验 ,试验结果表明 :(1)EM富集培养液能有效处理高浓度污水 ;(2 )与单独的活性污泥处理相比 ,在活性污泥中投加EM富集培养液可以大大增强对污水处理能力     

硝化颗粒污泥的快速培养及其硝化特性分析

以好氧颗粒污泥接种小试柱形SBR,采用自配无机氨氮废水为进水,在中温（28～30℃）条件下通过逐步提升进水NH4^＋-N浓度（100～650mg／L）和缩短水力停留时间（8～4h）快速培养硝化颗粒污泥。实验结果证实,以好氧颗粒污泥接种可以促使硝化颗粒污泥快速形成,36d时粒径〉0．21mm的颗粒污泥占总数的93％,颗粒污泥NH4-N比去除速率为50．53mgNH4^＋-N／（gSS·h）。硝化颗粒污泥具有良好的短程硝化性能,亚硝酸盐产生速率和累积率分别保持在3．3kgNO2-N／（m^3·d）和85％以上。反应初期高FA和反应末期高FNA的共同抑制是该研究中实现和维持稳定短程硝化的关键因素。     

生物硫铁生成菌的选育及其在重金属废水处理中的应用

为开发高效经济、环境友好的重金属废水处理技术,采用亨盖特(Hungate)厌氧技术分离出一株产生物硫铁复合材料的硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate reducing bacteria,SRB),命名为SRB2,并对该菌株进行了生理特性、培养工艺和废水处理研究.菌体杆状稍有弯曲,革兰氏阴性菌,最佳碳源为乳酸钠.pH范围5.0～9.0,最适pH 7.0,最适温度为35℃,培养3 d生物硫铁量和硫化物含量能达最大值,分别为2.85 g L-1、358.048 mg L-1.正交试验结果表明,乳酸钠9.0 g L-1+组合氮源1.5 g L-1+硫酸亚铁10.0 g L-1时生物硫铁产量最高.16S rDNA序列分析表明,菌株与脱硫弧菌属Desulfovibriodesulfuricans strain 734同源性为99%.采用生物硫铁处理重金属Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+废水,结果表明生物硫铁能快速处理含Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+废水,2 min去除率达99.8%以上.因此,生物硫铁在各类重金属废水处理与重金属废水污染事故应急处理中具有较好的应用前景.     

微生物絮凝剂的发酵培养和诱变研究

对粪产碱杆菌B-20进行发酵培养,观察菌株生长与絮凝剂积累、絮凝性、糖类物质消耗和氧浓度之间的关系,发现菌株的生长与絮凝剂的积累呈正相关,并且发酵培养过程中pH保持在7.2～7.9.通过热诱变获得能够稳定传代的B-2022突变菌株,比较了在不同pH、CaCl2添加量、菌液添加量以及不同温度条件下,其与原菌株B-20的发酵混合液的絮凝率差异,发现热诱变菌株B-2022具有更好的絮凝性能,尤其对pH的适应性较强,最优的絮凝条件为pH=9.0、100 mL高岭土悬浮液中1%(质量分数)CaCl2和发酵混合液添加量都为4 mL.进一步将热诱变菌株B-2022紫外诱变45 s,得到紫外诱变菌株B-2022c,其最佳絮凝率可达94.3%,比原菌株B-20和热诱变菌株B-2022的最佳絮凝率分别提高了2.4%和1.7%.通过化学法、紫外分光光度法和红外分光光度法测得絮凝剂的主要化学成分为糖类物质.     

克雷伯氏菌生产絮凝剂M-C11的培养优化及其在污泥脱水中的应用

从活性污泥中筛选分离得到可产生微生物絮凝剂的克雷伯氏菌C11,对微生物絮凝剂M-C11的培养基碳源、氮源、无机盐等条件进行优化.探讨将微生物絮凝剂应用于活性污泥脱水时,pH、CaCl2投加量、M-C11投加量等因素对污泥脱水效果的影响,并与常规化学絮凝剂的调理效果对比分析.结果表明,絮凝剂M-C11生产的最优培养条件:30 g·L-1葡萄糖、2g·L-1NaNO3、0.5 g·L-1MgSO4分别作培养基碳源、氮源、无机盐,在37℃,150 r·min-1振荡培养48 h,絮凝活性高达91.70%.M-C11在pH为4~8、温度为20~60℃的范围内具有良好的絮凝稳定性.克雷伯氏菌产絮凝剂M-C11应用于调理污泥脱水,在pH为6、3 mL M-C11、4 mL CaCl2(1%)的最佳投加组合下,调理后污泥比阻(SRF)和含水率分别由原泥的11.64×1012m·kg-1和98.86%,降低至4.66×1012m·kg-1和83.74%,调理后的污泥脱水效果显著优于硫酸铝、聚合氯化铝(PAC)等无机絮凝剂.微生物絮凝剂具有成本低廉、易生物降解、无二次污染等优点,且对污泥pH、盐度等条件具有良好的适应性,可作为新型高效的污泥脱水调理剂.     

生草栽培对三种岭南水果种植系统的生态经济影响评价

综合运用能值、经济与土壤生态学分析方法,以传统清耕模式为对照,定量研究了生草栽培对荔枝（LitchichinensisSonn）、龙眼（DimocarpuslonganLour）和番荔枝（AnnonasquamosaLinn）三种岭南水果种植系统的生态经济影响。整合系统物质流、能量流和货币流,综合分析其自然资源基础、经济发展状况及可持续发展程度,并将土壤有机质的消耗纳入不可更新自然资源能值投入分析,为岭南水果业生草栽培与否提供科学依据。结果表明,生草栽培可以将荔枝和龙眼种植系统的能值可持续性从传统清耕模式的0．16和0．46分别提升到0．17和0．47;而使番荔枝种植系统的能值可持续性从传统清耕模式的0．59降至0．45。同时,生草栽培可提高荔枝和番荔枝种植系统的经济效益,而降低龙眼种植系统的经济效益。所有案例结果均表明,生草栽培可降低果园土壤有机质的消耗。     

Assessment of soil quality under different tillage practices during wheat cultivation: soil enzymes and microbial biomass

Microbial processes, particularly enzyme activities, play crucial functional roles in soil ecology, hence serving as sensitive indicators of soil quality. We assessed the temporal dynamics of microbial biomass and selected soil enzymes (β-d-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, polyphenol oxidase, urease, glycine-aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase) during wheat cultivation, under four different tillage practices in the rice–wheat system. The four practices involved conventional tilling of soil before cultivating each crop (CTR-CTW); no tilling before cultivating rice but conventional tillage before wheat (NTR-CTW); conventional tilling before cultivating rice but no tilling before wheat (CTR-NTW) and no tilling before cultivation of each crop (NTR-NTW). Microbial biomass and activities of hydrolytic enzymes increased under NTR-NTW followed by CTR-NTW and NTR-CTW with respect to the conventional practice CTR-CTW, thus reflecting improvement in microbial activities with reduced tillage frequency. Enzyme activities generally depended on soil moisture and temperature, but nature of relationships varied among different practices. Nutrient demand appeared to be the strongest driver of alkaline phosphatase and urease, and soil temperature for glycine-aminopeptidase. Under CTR-CTW, activities of most of the extracellular enzymes were related with β-d-glucosidase or urease, but such relations altered under rest of the practices. The study showed that extracellular soil enzymes respond sensitively to tillage practices as well as environmental variables, particularly soil temperature and moisture and hence can serve as a sensitive indicator of changes in soil processes. Considering improvement in microbial biomass and enzymatic activities as indicators of better soil quality, adoption of no tillage apparently improved soil quality. Still, more number of field studies are required under tillage managements to explore the relationships between different enzyme activities and environmental factors.     

Forestry administration and policies in the Philippines

This article begins by summarizing the importance of the forestry sector in the Philippine economy It provides an overview of the multiplicity of Philippine governmental institutions involved in forestry in 1982 Then it discusses forestry laws in the country and concludes by examining fifteen critical forest policy issues: sustained yield management; area-specific logging bans; increased use of wood wastes; revision of forest charges; unprocessed log export ban; rationalization of the forest industry, acceleration of reforestation; protection of watersheds; recognition of the social dimensions of slash- and-burn agriculture; fuelwood supply; public land classification for forestry and agriculture, development of plantations for dendrothermal electricity; multiple-use management; preservation of mangrove areas, and improvements in administration and implementation.Research for this paper was supported by the East-West Center Environment and Policy Institute. The author would like to acknowledge the assistance of the Natural Resources Management Center of the Philippine Ministry of Natural Resources.