进水碳氮比对脱氮污泥羟胺氧化酶活性及N_2O产生的影响

在以A/O方式运行的SBR工艺中,研究了3种不同进水碳氮比下硝化与反硝化过程中污泥羟胺氧化酶(HAO)活性变化、N2O的产生/释放规律及两者之间的关联性.结果表明,当C/N=3.5与C/N=9.5时,HAO平均酶活性分别为(283.77±19.64),(348.87±17.94)U/g MLSS,而C/N=6.5条件下的平均酶活性仅为(246.45±23.30)U/g MLSS,总体上3个条件下缺氧阶段HAO活性均较好氧阶段高;反应过程中HAO的活性变化趋势基本与气态N_2O释放速率、溶解态N_2O及亚硝氮的浓度变化趋势成正相关,在C/N=9.5下好氧段HAO活性与后三者呈现完全一致的变化规律.N_2O主要产生于好氧阶段进行的硝化过程,尤其是羟胺氧化是N_2O产生的主要环节;碳源相对不充分的条件下(如C/N=3.5),缺氧段N_2O的释放与HAO活性关系密切;碳源相对较充分的条件下,缺氧段N_2O的产生与HAO酶活性无明显关联.推测可能是因为缺乏电子受体NO_2~-而导致HAO酶未参与反应;在N_2O产生较多的条件下,HAO活性相对也较高.     

富氧条件流离反应器内好氧反硝化特征

基于连续流A/O流离生物膜反应器内同步硝化反硝化的研究结果,以流离生物膜内菌群为整体研究对象,在富氧条件下,对依赖不同氮源生存的细菌的活性、以及具有的反硝化特征进行了研究.研究结果表明,温度25~30℃、溶解氧4.0~6.0 mg·L-1条件下,低碳氮比废水在硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌共同作用下,总氮和氨氮浓度稳步下降,亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐在试验持续时间内无明显积累现象.再分别以硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮为氮源,在高温(40℃)条件下18 h内即被完全去除,证明流离生物膜内的好氧反硝化菌脱氮效果好,且对高温水环境耐受力强.相对于单一菌群的反硝化研究,以多种细菌整体为研究对象的试验研究具备实际应用的可能性.     

生物活性炭流化-泥滤耦合硝化与反硝化试验

构建生物活性炭流化-泥滤耦合系统,以果壳活性炭为载体,通过连续进水试验研究了系统的硝化与反硝化特性.同时考察了生物活性炭的形成过程及其特征.试验结果表明,通过对反应器中悬浮污泥的排除和进水条件的控制可形成生物活性炭.生物膜在活性炭上的分布受循环流体作用影响,具有独特的空间和微生物生理分布特征.在反应器COD容积负荷约2.2ks·m-3d-3和氨氮容积负荷约0.2ks·m-3d-3的进水条件下,系统对COD和氨氮去除率可分别达到92%和70%;通过对出水的泥滤控制,可以有效地增强系统的反硝化能力;出水pH值的变化也反映出系统兼具硝化与反硝化的效能.     

同时产甲烷反硝化与硝化串联工艺处理淀粉废水

采用UASB作为同时产甲烷反硝化反应器、AUSB作为好氧硝化反应器的串联工艺处理实际淀粉废水.结果表明:①将好氧反应器的出水硝化液按1:1～3:1的回流比回流到UASB反应器,可在其中实现同时产甲烷反硝化,进水有机(以COD计)负荷约为11kg·m-3·d-1时,COD去除率为95%;NO-3-N负荷可达0.48 kg·m-3·d-1,NO-3-N去除率高达100%.②UASB反应器的出水进入AUSB反应器,其有机负荷为0.5～2 5 kg·m-3·d-1,去除率为63%～91%;氨氮负荷为0.2～0.9 kg·m-3·d-1,去除率在98.8%以上.③串联工艺在回流比为1:1、2:1、3:1下,COD去除率分别为98.7%、98.3%、99.3%,总氮去除率分别为72.9%、76.3%、82.9%.④随着UASB反应器内进水硝酸盐负荷的增加,其颗粒污泥与接种污泥相比,粒径明显增加,平均密度先增加后减小,最大比产甲烷活性先降低,而后有较大提高.     

烧结过程中解耦燃烧与烟气返回共脱硝新工艺Ⅰ:模拟烧结矿带的脱硝机理

基于煤的解耦耦合燃烧原理和烟气返回脱硝技术,并结合烧结工序特点,提出了烧结过程中解耦燃烧与烟气返回共脱硝新工艺,详细介绍了该工艺的基本原理和工艺流程,对其可行性进行了热力学计算分析;重点研究了烧结矿带发生的脱硝反应-利用烧结矿作填料,采用H2、CO和NH3模拟热解气主要组分对返回烟气中Nox的脱除进行了实验研究.结果表明,450-550℃下烧结过程引入4.0%的H2或4.0%的CO,可使Nox的浓度降低20%～40%;620～660℃时烧结过程引入0.15%的NH3,可使Nox浓度降低20%～30%.烧结过程解耦燃烧与烟气返回共脱硝工艺可有效减少Nox的排放.同时可降低烧结能耗.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic oxidation ditch system

To achieve high efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal and to investigate the rule of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification phosphorus removal(SNDPR),a whole course of SNDPR damage and recovery was studied in a pilot-scale,anaerobicanoxic oxidation ditch(OD),where the volumes of anaerobic zone,anoxic zone,and ditches zone of the OD system were 7,21,and 280L,respectively.The reactor was fed with municipal wastewater with a flow rate of 336 L/d.The concept of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND)rate(rSND) was put forward to quantify SND.The results indicate that:(1)high nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies were achieved during the stable SND phase,total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphate(TP) removal rates were 80%and 85%,respectively;(2)when the system was aerated excessively,the stability of SND was damaged,and rSND dropped from 80% to 20%or less;(3)the natural logarithm of the ratio of NOx to MJ4 in the effluent had a linear correlation to oxidation-reduction potential (ORP);(4)when NO3- was less than 6 mg/L.high phosphorus removal efficiency could be achieved;(5)denitrifying phosphorus removal (DNPR) could take place in the anaerobic-anoxic OD system.The major innovation was that the SND rate was devised and quantified.     

Minimizing N2O fluxes from full-scale municipal solid waste landfill with properly selected cover soil

Municipal solid waste landfills emit nitrous oxide （N2O） gas. Assuming that the soil cover is the primary N2O source from landfills, this study tested, during a four-year project, the hypothesis that the proper use of chosen soils with fine texture minimizes N2O emissions. A full-scale sanitary landfill, a full-scale bioreactor landfill and a cell planted with Nerium indicum or Festuca arundinacea Schreb, at the Hangzhou Tianziling landfill in Hangzhou City were the test sites. The N2O emission rates from all test sites were considerably lower than those reported in the published reports. Specifically, the N2O emission rate was dependent on soil water content and nitrate concentrations in the cover soil. The effects of leachate recirculation and irrigation were minimal. Properly chosen cover soils applied to the landfills reduced N2O flux.     

Eubacteria and Archaea community of simultaneous methanogenesis and denitrification granular sludge

Based on the successful performance of a lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor with the capacity of simultaneous methanogenesis and denitrification (SMD), the specific phylogenetic groups and community structure of microbes in the SMD granule in the UASB reactor were investigated by the construction of the Eubacteria and Archaea 16S rDNA clone libraries, fragment length polymorphism, and sequence blast. Real time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (RTQ-PCR) technique was used to quantify the contents of Eubacteria and Archaea in the SMD granule. The contents of some special predominant methanogens were also investigated. The results indicated that the Methanosaeta and Methanobacteria were the predominant methanogens in all Archaea in the SMD granule, with contents of 71. 59% and 22. 73% in all 88 random Archaea clones, respectively. The diversity of Eubacteria was much more complex than that of Archaea. The low GC positive gram bacteria and Б-Protebacteria were the main predominant Eubacteria species in SMD granule, their contents were 49. 62% and 12. 03% in all 133 random Eubacteria clones respectively. The results of RTQ-PCR indicated that the content of Archaea was less than Eubacteria, the Archaea content in total microorganisms in SMD granule was about 27. 6%.     

氨法烟气联合脱硫脱氮技术工艺

SOx和NOx是燃煤锅炉排放的主要污染物,传统分步脱硫脱氮设备昂贵且效率不高,而氨法烟气脱硫脱氮具有显著的技术优势:脱硫效率高,脱硫脱氮一举两得;不产生废渣、废水;脱硫剂利用充分、耗量小、具有节能功效。因此它具有广阔的应用前景。     

影响厌氧氨氧化与甲烷化反硝化耦合的因素

氨氮、氮氧化物对产甲烷菌有一定的抑制作用,但可以通过驯化去除毒性.亚硝酸盐在厌氧氨氧化菌作用下与氨发生厌氧氨氧化反应.虽然厌氧氨氧化菌是自养菌,但具有异养代谢能力,并且NO2可提高厌氧氨氧化菌的活性.因此,通过特殊的反应器技术,将厌氧氨氧化菌与甲烷菌、反硝化菌复合在一个有利的微生态环境中,充分发挥它们之间的协同耦合作用,把有机物转化为清洁能源又同时脱氮,是极有前景的废水厌氧(缺氧)处理研究新方向.表1参31