障碍物对油气-空气混合气体泄压爆炸火焰传播特性影响

为了研究障碍物对油气泄压爆炸火焰传播特性的影响规律,进行了不同数量障碍物工况下的对比实验,并利用纹影仪和高速摄影仪记录了火焰传播过程,针对障碍物对火焰形态、火焰锋面位置及火焰传播速度的影响规律进行了研究,结果表明:圆柱体障碍物会导致油气泄压爆炸火焰形态产生褶皱和弯曲变形,诱导层流火焰向湍流火焰转变,加速火焰的传播,对油气泄压爆炸火焰的初始传播形态有显著影响;随着障碍物数量的增多,火焰锋面传播距离点火端的最大距离增大,但到达最远距离的时间减少;障碍物能够增强火焰的传播速度,尤其对障碍物下游火焰影响最为显著,随着障碍物数量的增多,火焰传播的最大速度也随之增大,但达到最大火焰传播速度的时间却随之减少;障碍物的存在增大了油气泄压爆炸过程外部爆炸压力,并且随着障碍物数量的增多,外部爆炸压力峰值增长幅度增大。     

受限空间火灾轰燃过程的模拟实验研究

研制一种重现火灾轰燃的化学燃料和氧化剂的混合燃料，通过调整燃料的配方，可实现模拟控制火灾轰燃的温度和烟气产生量；实验研究了火灾轰燃过程烟气参数的变化规律，说明建筑火灾烟气运动的场-区-网模拟模型是合理的，分析了火灾过程中烟气的产生、运动、回流、下沉现象物理机制，指出在受限空间火灾救灾过程中应注意的问题。     

多元混合气爆炸极限的非线性预测研究

根据混合气的爆炸极限与混合气各成分的体积浓度之间具有非线性关系的特点,笔者提出采用神经网络非线性方法来计算含有H2,CH4和CO的多元混合气体的爆炸极限。在模型中,H2,CH4和CO的体积浓度作为输入,爆炸上限和下限作为输出。计算结果表明,该非线性模型预测混合气爆炸下限和上限的最大相对误差为3.90%,3.57%,而模型预测值与计算值的相关系数分别为0.971,0.981;非线性模型的预测结果要好于偏最小二乘回归的预测结果。当H2,CO,CH4在混合气中的体积浓度给定时,非线性模型能够准确预测混合气的爆炸极限。     

Lower explosion limit of hybrid mixtures of burnable gas and dust

Hybrid mixtures – mixtures of burnable dusts and burnable gases – pose special problems to industries, as their combined Lower Explosion Limit (LEL) can lie below the LEL of the single substances. Different mathematical relations have been proposed by various authors in literature to predict the Lower Explosion Limit of hybrid mixtures (LEL_hybrid). The aim of this work is to prove the validity or limitations of these formulas for various combinations of dusts and gases. The experiments were executed in a standard 20 L vessel apparatus used for dust explosion testing. Permanent spark with an ignition energy of 10 J was used as ignition source. The results obtained so far show that, there are some combinations of dust and gas where the proposed mathematical formulas to predict the lower explosible limits of hybrid mixtures are not safe enough.     

管道燃气爆炸特性实验研究

管道是化工及油气储运系统的重要组成部分,却时常受燃烧爆炸事故的威胁,因此对管道中燃气燃烧爆炸特性与规律的研究就十分必要。以甲烷作为研究对象,采用压力传感器以及火焰传感器等对水平封闭管道内甲烷-空气预混燃烧爆炸进行了实验研究,通过大量实验来研究可燃气体爆炸压力与火焰及其传播变化规律。根据实验结果将超压以及气体燃烧的变化情况,对前驱冲击波与火焰面的相对时间及相对位置关系进行了分析。结果显示,管道中会产生前驱压力波,并超前火焰阵面甲烷气体在管道传播过程中,出现冲击波反压射、波叠加及反冲现象,压力的持续时间较火焰光信号持续时间长。所做的工作为油气受限空间中燃气燃烧爆炸特性与规律的进一步研究及工业防爆抑爆技术及工艺的实施、系统设计以及关键参数计算提供了理论依据。     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰制陶瓷砖

分析了飞灰的性质,利用飞灰、黄陶土、缸砂及文石研制陶瓷砖,并进行正交配比试验。结果表明:飞灰主要矿物成分是硅酸盐及铝硅酸盐,可用作陶瓷砖的原材料;飞灰的掺加量对陶瓷砖表观质量起决定性影响,最佳配比方案为飞灰25%,黄陶土55%,缸砂10%,文石10%;最佳配比制品浸出毒性均达标。     

地层条件下油气混合气安全氧含量实验研究

为了确定地层高温高压环境下油气混合气的安全氧含量,避免在采油过程中形成可燃性混合气体引发燃烧或者爆炸事故,保证注空气采油工艺过程的安全性,设计了1种测试地层高温高压环境下油气混合气体安全氧含量的实验装置;通过对采油现场井筒内的气体进行取样分析,选取一定组分的混合气体,在理论分析的基础上,对混合气体分别在1,5,10 MPa和40,120℃条件下的安全氧含量进行了实验研究,并将实验结果与理论分析结果进行了比较分析。研究结果表明:随着温度和压力的升高,安全氧含量逐渐降低;在地层高温高压环境下所测得的安全氧含量要远低于常温常压下的理论估算值;在10 MPa,120℃时达到8.27%,很大程度上增加了采油工艺过程的危险性。     

Sodium bisulfate and a sodium bisulfate/tannin mixture decreases pH when added to an in vitro incubated poultry cecal or fecal contents while reducing Salmonella Typhimurium marker strain survival and altering the microbiome

The objective of the present study was to investigate the ability of animal feed-grade sodium bisulfate (SBS) and a mixture of sodium bisulfate/tannin to inhibit the growth of Salmonella using an anerobic in vitro mixed cecal culture to mimic the conditions within the chicken cecum. An initial inoculum of Salmonella Typhimurium was introduced to an anerobic dilution solution containing 1/3000 diluted cecal bacteria and solids consisting of ground chicken feed and different percentages of solid SBS or SBS/tannin, and surviving organisms were enumerated. Two different experimental designs were employed. In the “unadapted” treatment, the S. Typhimurium was added at the beginning of the culture incubation along with cecal bacteria and chicken feed/SBS or chicken feed/SBS/tannin. In the “adapted” treatment, S. Typhimurium was added after a 24 hour pre-incubation of the cecal bacteria with the chicken feed/SBS or chicken feed/SBS/tannin. Adding SBS resulted in reduction of pH in the cultures which paralleled with the reduction of S. Typhimurium. The SBS alone was found to be inhibitory to S. Typhimurium in the adapted treatment at all concentrations tested (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%), and the degree of inhibition was concentration-dependent. Salmonella Typhimurium was completely killed in the adapted culture with 0.5% SBS after 24 and 48 h. The SBS/tannin mixture was less inhibitory than SBS alone at the same concentrations in side-by-side comparisons. Testing at a 0.5% SBS concentration, chicken age had little or no effect on log reduction of S. Typhimurium relative to age-matched control cultures without SBS, but age did affect the absolute number of S. Typhimurium surviving, with the greatest decreases occurring at 2 and 4 weeks of age (approx. 10³ S. Typhimurium surviving) compared to 6 weeks of age (approx. 10⁵ Salmonella surviving). Microbiome analysis with an Illumina MiSeq platform was conducted to investigate bacterial compositional changes related to the addition of SBS. The relative abundance of Firmicutes (at the phylum level) was decreased, and genera Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium were increased when SBS was added to the anaerobic mixed culture containing either fecal or cecal material. The antimicrobial action of feed-grade SBS may represent a potential pre-harvest control measure for Salmonella in poultry production.     

部分重金属化合物对淡水发光菌的毒性研究

应用微板毒性分析方法,分别测定了CdCl2·2.5H2O、CoSO4·5H2O、Cr(NO3)3·3H2O、Cu(NO3)2·3H2O、Fe(NO3)3·3H2O、MnCl2·9H2O、Na2SeO3、ZnSO4·7H2O、Ni(NO3)2·6H2O9种重金属离子化合物及其混合物对淡水发光菌—青海弧菌Q67(Vibrio-qinghaiensissp.—Q67)的发光抑制毒性.结果表明,9种重金属离子化合物对Q67的剂量-效应关系均可用Weibull或Logit模型有效描述.由拟合剂量-效应曲线得到这9种重金属离子化合物的半数效应浓度EC50的负对数值(-logEC50)分别为4.35、3.08、2.39、3.83、3.34、2.39、3.32、3.93和2.76,说明其毒性顺序为:CdCl2·2.5H2O>ZnSO4·7H2O>Cu(NO3)2·3H2O>Fe(NO3)3·3H2O>Na2SeO3>CoSO4·5H2O>Ni(NO3)2·6H2O>Cr(NO3)3·3H2O≈MnCl2·9H2O.为了研究重金属混合物的毒性规律,设计了4组等效应浓度(EC50、EC15、EC10和EC5)比混合物,测试了其混合物毒性,并应用剂量加和(DA)、独立作用(IA)原理及经典联合毒性评价方法进行了分析.DA与IA分析表明,所研究的4种混合物的毒性具有拮抗特征,而毒性单位法(TU)和混合指数法(MTI)的评价结果均为部分相加作用,相加指数法(AI)的评价结果则为拮抗作用.所选评价方法不同,混合物毒性评价结果可能也不同.     

A novel method dependent only on the mixture information (MIM) for evaluating the toxicity of mixture

Compound contamination and toxicity interaction necessitate the development of models that have an insight into the combined toxicity of chemicals. In this paper, a novel and simple model dependent only on the mixture information (MIM), was developed. Firstly, the concentration-response data of seven groups of binary and multi-component (pseudo-binary) mixtures with different mixture ratios to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 were determined using the microplate toxicity analysis. Then, a desirable non-linear function was selected to fit the data. It was found that there are good linear correlations between the location parameter (α) and mixture ratio (p) of a component and between the steepness (β) and p. Based on the correlations, a mixture toxicity model independent of pure component toxicity profiles was built. The model can be used to accurately estimate the toxicities of the seven groups of mixtures, which greatly simplified the predictive procedure of the combined toxicity.