无缝钢管厂外排废水治理方案

针对无缝钢管厂酸洗废水pH值低、氧化铁含量高等特殊性,采用分散治理回收与集中处理回收相结合的技术方案。使处理后的水回用于生产,并采用一水多用、重复利用和循环利用的技术,提高了重复用水率,基本上实现“零排放”。     

自然通风房间内细水雾与油池火作用的数值模拟

采用大涡模拟、混合物分数燃烧模型和欧拉-拉格朗日粒子运动描述法,对自然通风房间内细水雾与油池火焰作用过程进行数值模拟;探讨细水雾在火羽流的不同区域内的灭火机理;分析雾滴直径在自然通风条件下对细水雾灭火效果的影响。模拟结果表明:细水雾冷却热烟气层分为温度迅速降低和缓慢下降两个阶段;在间歇火焰区和浮力羽流区以及热烟气层主要发挥细水雾的蒸发冷却作用,在恒定火焰区则是蒸发冷却和隔氧窒息共同作用;着火区域封闭性较差时,直径较小的水雾系统的灭火效果较低。     

In vitro evaluation of the mutagenic and cytostatic effect of Tamaron,Lannate and Manzate alone and in mixture

Pesticides are often used in agriculture, especially in floriculture. They are frequently applied in binary or ternary mixtures. Nevertheless, their impact on the genetic material has been scarcely explored. In this study, the mutagenic and cytostatic effect of three widely used pesticides, alone and combined, were analyzed. Briefly, lymphocytes cultures were obtained from peripheral blood samples of five healthy donors to determine the sister chromatid exchange and the replicative index (RI). Then, lymphocytes were exposed to Tamaron (100 ppm), Lannate (200 ppm) and Manzate (300 ppm) alone and combined. For the binary mixtures, the concentrations used were 50 ppm of Tamaron, 100 ppm of Lannate and 150 ppm of Manzate. For the ternary mixtures the following concentrations were used: Tamaron (33 ppm), Lannate (70 ppm) and Manzate (100 ppm). Finally, differential staining was performed. It was found that the frequency of SCE/cell showed a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between the control (2.66) and the individual treatments of Tamaron (4.87), Lannate: (5.12) and Manzate (4.23). Also, the values of the SCE in the binary mixture of Tamaron+Lannate (5.57), Tamaron+Manzate (6.06) and Lannate+Manzate (6.22) and the ternary mixture (6.63) were statistically different compared to the control. In the RI there was a significant difference between the control (1.98) and the Manzate (1.87). RI differences were also statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) in mixtures of Tamaron+Lannate (1.64), Tamaron+Manzate (1.63), Lannate+Manzate (1.69) and total mixture (1.53). Therefore, it is suggested that these pesticides alone and in mixtures have both mutagenic and cytostatic synergistic effect in human lymphocytes in vitro.     

Influence factors of multicomponent mixtures containing reactive chemicals and their joint effects

Organic chemicals usually coexist as a mixture in the environment, and the mixture toxicity of organic chemicals has received increased attention. However, research regarding the joint effects of reactive chemicals is lacking. In this study, we examined two kinds of reactive chemicals, cyanogenic toxicants and aldehydes and determined their joint effects on Photobacterium phosphoreum. Three factors were found to influence the joint effects of multicomponent mixtures containing reactive chemicals, including the number of components, the dominating components and the toxic ratios. With an increased number of components, the synergistic or antagonistic effects (interactions) will weaken to the additive effects (non-interactions) if the added component cannot yield a much stronger joint effect with an existing component. Contrarily, the joint effect of the mixture may become stronger instead of weaker if the added components can yield a much stronger joint effect than the existing joint effect of the multicomponent mixture. The components that yield the strongest interactions in their binary mixture can be considered the dominating components. These components contribute more to the interactions of multicomponent mixtures than other components. Moreover, the toxic ratios also influence the joint effects of the mixtures. This study provides an insight into what are the main factors and how they influence the joint effects of multicomponent mixtures containing reactive chemicals, and thus, the findings are beneficial to the study of mixture toxicology.     

顶空气相色谱测试水中苯系混合物在不同材料上的吸附行为

设计了正交实验对5种材料吸附模拟废水中苯系混合物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)的条件进行优化,CD02硅藻土与X型纳米分子筛以2∶1(质量比)进行复合后,对苯系混合物去除效果最好.采用顶空气相色谱法测定8种不同材料对水中苯系混合物的去除情况,结果表明复合材料对苯系混合物具有良好的去除效果,仅次于活性炭.复合材料在pH为7、搅拌时间为25 min、用量为1.8g/L时,对苯系混合物质量浓度为4.0 mg/L模拟废水的平均去除率为87.56％.经过4次再生后,复合材料的再生率仍高达84.90％,对苯系混合物的平均去除率为91.49％.     

含水层中氯烯烃胶对水泥与地下水发生相互作用的缓冲作用研究

利用矿渣硅酸盐水泥和氯烃烃胶研究了在营造的地下水环境和含水层环境中,氯烯烃胶对水泥混凝土与地下水之间发生相互作用的缓冲作用。研究结果表明,在营造的地下水和含水层环境中,氯烯烃胶对水泥混凝土与地下水之间的相互作用有一定的缓冲作用,主要表面阻止柱块的碱性和各种元素的释放。从而减弱了水泥８９混凝土柱决的相互作用。     

多种环境雌激素对淡水鱼联合毒性作用的预测和评价

为预测和评价多种环境激素对生物的联合毒性效应,通过对雄性鲫鱼卵黄蛋白原诱导作用探讨了17β-雌二醇、17α-乙炔基雌二醇、双酚A、辛基苯酚等几种环境雌激素联合作用的环境影响.确定了每种化合物的剂量-效应曲线,混合物由单个化合物等毒性固定浓度比例混合而成,实验得出的混合物效应与通过浓度相加或反应相加作用模型计算得出的混合物效应比较.结果有很好的一致性.上述结果证明了类雌激素化合物呈现相加作用方式,即使在单独作用无显著效应的较低浓度下也可产生显著的混合物效应,混合物效应可通过两类模型预测.由于环境污染物组成往往不明确,通过浓度相加作用模型预测的结果较为保守,在环境风险评价中更加实用.     

介质阻挡气液两相放电灭活大肠杆菌

采用双向窄脉冲介质阻挡气液两相放电技术,对大肠杆菌灭活效果进行了试验.研究了曝气量、初始含菌量、处理时间、电场强度及电导率与大肠杆菌灭活率的关系.结果表明,菌体灭活率随初始含菌量、电场强度、处理时间的增加而增大,但随电导率的增加而减小.较佳的曝气量为0.75m³/h.     

A New Homogeneous Non-Equilibrium Model to Compute Vapor-Liquid Two-Phase Critical Pressure Ratios of Multicomponent Hydrocarbon Mixtures

The critical pressure ratio (η_c) is an essential parameter for computing the vapor-liquid two-phase critical pressure and mass flow rate of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures flowing through valves and leakage orifices. The Homogeneous Non-Equilibrium Diener-Schmidt (HNE-DS) model widely used to calculate η_c assumes that the fluid's volume linearly changes with the pressure (using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation), which is not suitable for multicomponent gas mixtures. In this paper, a new Homogeneous Non-Equilibrium (new-HNE) model is proposed to calculate η_c of gas mixtures. Firstly, a new critical flow compressibility factor (ω_c) is developed from its thermodynamic definition and the Peng-Robinson equation of state (EOS), overcoming the inherent limitations of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Then, η_c is correlated to the newly derived ω_c by fitting experimental data at various pressures and gas mass fractions of both single-component and multicomponent gas mixtures, yielding the new HNE-DS model. Results show that, for the water-steam and air-water two-phase flow, the average relative deviations (ARD) between the calculated critical pressure ratios and experimental values are equal to 2.8% and 4.93%, respectively, which represents a significant improvement in comparison with the original HNE-DS model. Moreover, this new model is extended to the applications of Liquefied natural gas (LNG)/liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fluids, and will further contribute to the calculation of the leakage mass flow rate of fluid flowing through the orifices/valves.     

封闭管道油气爆炸超压及火焰传播特性

对油气在封闭管道内的爆炸特性进行研究，发现爆炸超压发展过程可以分为3个阶段:第1次超压上升阶段、第2次超压上升阶段和超压下降阶段。初始油气浓度对爆炸初始阶段的发展有很大影响，油气浓度为1.73%时发展最激烈；当初始油气浓度较高时，在最大超压峰值附近，会产生压力振荡现象；初始油气浓度对Tulip火焰的形成及发展有较大影响，各种浓度油气的爆炸，都有形成Tulip火焰的趋势；当油气浓度适中时，Tulip火焰会一直传播到管道末端，当油气浓度较高或较低时，火焰锋面会经由鲨鱼嘴形状火焰转变为刀尖形火焰，当初始油气浓度为1.73%时，最容易发展形成Tuilp火焰。