抗生素对微生物的联合与低剂量毒性研究进展

目前抗生素已成为一类不可忽视的环境污染物,它在环境中呈"混合-持久-低剂量"的暴露特征。因此,研究抗生素毒性效应,特别是它的联合毒性以及低剂量下毒性兴奋效应,对抗生素污染物生态风险的评价极其重要。以抗生素联合毒性的研究进展为主线,重点概述了抗生素二元混合物的急性和慢性联合毒性研究,指出了抗生素混合物间存在相互作用,它们的联合毒性并非表现为简单的加和或独立效应,且抗生素急性-慢性联合表现出的毒性效应也存在差异;发现了不仅单一抗生素具有Hormesis效应,低剂量抗生素二元混合物也具有Hormesis作用。但目前低剂量抗生素二元混合物对微生物的毒性兴奋效应研究较少,其毒性兴奋效应的预测和评价还有待进一步完善,以期为环境中抗生素的联合生态研究和风险评价提供理论依据。     

Examining Flood Frequency Distributions in the Midwest U.S.1

Villarini, Gabriele, James A. Smith, Mary Lynn Baeck, and Witold F. Krajewski, 2011. Examining Flood Frequency Distributions in the Midwest U.S. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):447‐463. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00540.x Abstract: Annual maximum peak discharge time series from 196 stream gage stations with a record of at least 75 years from the Midwest United States is examined to study flood peak distributions from a regional point of view. The focus of this study is to evaluate: (1) “mixtures” of flood peak distributions, (2) upper tail and scaling properties of the flood peak distributions, and (3) presence of temporal nonstationarities in the flood peak records. Warm season convective systems are responsible for some of the largest floods in the area, in particular in Nebraska, Kansas, and Iowa. Spring events associated with snowmelt and rain‐on‐snow are common in the northern part of the study domain. Nonparametric tests are used to investigate the presence of abrupt and slowly varying changes. Change‐points rather than monotonic trends are responsible for most violations of the stationarity assumption. The abrupt changes in flood peaks can be associated with anthropogenic changes, such as changes in land use/land cover, agricultural practice, and construction of dams. The trend analyses do not suggest an increase in the flood peak distribution due to anthropogenic climate change. Examination of the upper tail and scaling properties of the flood peak distributions are examined by means of the location, scale, and shape parameters of the Generalized Extreme Value distribution.     

剩余污泥碱性发酵产物对硝化过程及性能的影响

为探究剩余污泥碱性发酵产物作为碳源对硝化过程及性能的影响,建立了以污泥碱性发酵混合物作为碳源的生物脱氮(BNR)系统.投加初期,氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝态氮氧化菌(NOB)活性均受到抑制;16 d后AOB活性开始迅速恢复,NOB活性仍受到抑制,比硝态氮积累速率(SNaPR,以N/VSS计)由初始的0.179 1 g·(g·d)~(-1)下降至0.007 8 g·(g·d)~(-1),系统内亚硝积累率由8.12%上升至91.42%并维持稳定.将污泥发酵混合物分离为污泥发酵液和污泥发酵底泥,考察添加3种不同类型的发酵产物对硝化效果良好的全程硝化污泥硝化活性的影响.结果表明,投加污泥碱性发酵混合物和投加碱性发酵液的实验组,NOB活性皆有所下降,SNaPR由初始的0.179 3 g·(g·d)~(-1)分别下降至0.151 0 g·(g·d)~(-1)和0.161 7 g·(g·d)~(-1);投加发酵底泥的实验组,NOB的活性有所上升,SNaPR由0.179 3 g·(g·d)~(-1)上升至0.186 4 g·(g·d)~(-1).因此,当利用污泥发酵混合物和发酵液作为碳源时,在硝化过程中,能抑制系统内NOB的活性,实现短程硝化过程,有利于加速硝化速率及节省该类型碳源的投加.     

波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶活性与构象的影响

为初步探讨波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶的作用机理及变化规律,采用人工模拟和荧光光谱法研究了波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶活性特征及构象的影响.结果表明:1)不同浓度波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶活性总体呈现低浓度激活、高浓度抑制作用.不同配制方式波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶活性抑制效应顺序为多倍量式>倍量式>半量式>等量式.浓度为200mg·kg-1左右的等量式波尔多液处理对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响最小.2)24h培养时间下,随波尔多液浓度的增加,酶促反应米氏常数Km和最大反应速率Vmax均呈先减小后增大趋势.统计分析表明,Km和Vmax均与波尔多液浓度呈显著正相关(p<0.01),土壤过氧化氢酶Km值可表征波尔多液对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响程度,其作用机理为反竞争性抑制类型.3)波尔多液对离体过氧化氢酶的内源荧光有较强的猝灭作用,Cu(Ⅱ)和离体过氧化氢酶的结合常数K及结合位点数n分别为69.1831mol·L-1和0.6878.     

植物提取液处理恶臭气体的研究进展

介绍了近二十年来国内外关于植物提取液治理恶臭气体的研究成果,内容包括植物提取液的应用研究、除臭机理研究及植物提取液提取方法的研究;指出对恶臭气体中的胺类和醚类除臭机理、对植物提取液提取工艺优化的研究是今后研究的重点。     

Antioxidant responses to benzo[a]pyrene, tributyltin and their mixture in the spleen of Sebasticus marmoratus

It has been reported that there is an interaction between Benzo[a]pyrene （BaP）, a widespread carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and tributyltin （TBT）, an organometal used as an antifouling biocide. This study was therefore designed to examine the potential in vivo influence of BaP, TBT and their mixture on splenic antioxidant defense systems of Sebastiscus marmoratus. The fish were exposed to water containing environmentally relevant concentrations of BaP, TBT and their mixture. Spleens were collected for biochemical analysis after exposure for 7, 25, 50 d and after recovery for 7, 20 d. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 7 d potentiated the induction of glutathione peroxidase （GPx） activity by BaP or TBT alone. The cotreatment for 25 and 50 d resulted in inhibition of GPx activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Splenic glutathione S-transferase （GST） activities were significantly elevated in S. marmoratus exposed to BaP starting from 7 d and remained high up to 25 d. However, no further activity change was found with prolonged exposure. Cotreatment of BaP and TBT primarily inhibited the GST activity, which was similar to the effect of TBT. Cotreatment with BaP and TBT for 25 or 50 d potentiated the depletion of GSH （glutathione） by BaP or TBT alone. MDA （malondialdehyde） contents in spleen of S. marmoratus were not significantly altered compared with the control during the test period. Spleen, as an immune organ, is sensitive to exposure of BaP or TBT. It should have an effective mechanism to counteract oxidative damage. Antioxidative defense systems in spleen of S. marmoratus should be considered as potential biomarkers. Short-term exposure of BaP or TBT could result in induction of antioxidant defense system. A significant decrease of these indices, such as GSH, GST, GPx might indicate more severe contamination.     

基于光谱混合分析和反照率-植被盖度特征空间的土地荒漠化遥感评价

采用线性光谱混合分析模型对Landsat TM遥感影像进行混合像元分解,获取植被、裸土和水体组分的相对丰度分布;在反演地表反照率的基础上,构建了基于Albedo-Vegetation特征空间的土地荒漠化遥感监测模型;以黑河中游部分区域为例,进行了实证研究,并利用实地调查数据进行精度验证。结果表明:此方法充分利用了多维遥感信息,反映了荒漠化土地地表覆盖、水热组合及其变化,具有明确的生物物理意义,而且指标简单、易于获取,精度较高,有利于荒漠化的定量分析与监测。     

污泥和盐渍土混配介质的性质及对5种野生植物生长的影响

将污泥与滨海盐渍土按照不同比例(污泥质量分数分别为0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%)混配,开展三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、稗(Echinochloa crusgalli)、荆芥(Schizonepeta tenuifolia)、金叶马兰(Kalimeris indica)和蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicm)5种野生植物的盆栽试验,研究污泥混配介质的理化性质,污泥比例对植物成活率、叶绿素含量和干质量的影响,以及植物体内各种重金属的累积浓度,探索污泥在滨海区盐渍土中的最佳施用比例,并对野生植物资源进行评价。结果表明,污泥改良滨海盐渍土是可行的,污泥质量分数为20%～60%时,混配介质的理化指标符合CJ/T 340—2011《绿化种植土壤》,Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb和Ni含量符合GB 15618—95《土壤环境质量标准》中的二级标准,并以60%污泥+40%滨海盐渍土的质量配比效果最佳,该混配介质中植物存活率达100%;三叶鬼针草、稗子、荆芥、金叶马兰和蒲公英是上海市滨海地区优良的植被恢复先锋植物。     

辽河表层沉积物重金属生态风险与综合毒性表征

采用ICP-MS测定了辽河26个支流表层沉积物间隙水中7种重金属(Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn、Ni、As、Cd)的含量,并应用间隙水毒性基准单位(IWCTU)和Nemeraw指数(NI)对间隙水重金属生态风险进行了评价;同时利用摇蚊幼虫活体生物毒性测试方法评估了辽河流域26个支流表层沉积物的综合毒性。研究结果显示,辽河支流表层沉积物间隙水7种重金属平均含量为:Pb 3.92μg·L-1,Cu 5.73μg·L-1,Cr 7.21μg·L-1,Zn 4.33μg·L-1,Ni 4.48μg·L-1,As 5.89μg·L-1,Cd 0.29μg·L-1,根据IWCTU值和NI值,柴河、养息牧、亮子河、凡河、付家窝堡、接官厅具有潜在的生态风险;综合毒性表征结果表明,柴河、长沟子河、付家窝堡、柳河、一统河、潮沟河表层沉积物对摇蚊幼虫具有较高毒性。结合重金属毒性和综合毒性分析,认为辽河流域支流表层沉积物毒性应该是由复合污染形成,而不仅仅是重金属污染。     

毒性鉴别评价方法对城镇污水处理厂去除水中有毒物质的分析实例

以江苏省常州市城北污水算处理厂的进水、活性污泥处理系统的出水以及A^2O处理工艺的出水为研究对象,对进出水进行Daphnia magna急性毒性试验。结果表明,进水对Daphnia magna具有24h急性毒性,经过活性污泥处理工艺处理及A^2O处理工艺处理,两股出水均不显示24h急性毒性,采用毒性鉴别评价（Toxicity Identification Evaluation,TE）方法对进水进行监测和评价,发现曝气可去除进水的毒性,C18固相提取亦可去除进水毒性,进水中存在的主要毒物为易挥发的非极性有机化合物,进一步检测可知,进水中的关键毒物主要为邻丙基甲醛肟、1,1－甲基乙基－2－甲氧基苯酚、2－氮,氮二甲基苯甲醇等,此外,对2个处理系统出水进行GC／MS分析,可知出水中关键毒物基本被去除。