在用车简易工况污染物排放检测法

详细论述了在用车简易工况污染物排放检测法的概念、内容和要求,针对目前世界最流行的简易工况法ASM、IM240和VMAS,比较了它们的不同标准与特点,重点介绍了VMAS检测设备的原理、组成、检测方法和特点,最后指出了简易工况法的发展趋势.     

Ethological Structure of Freshwater Benthic and Nektobenthic Communities and Its Changes under the Influence of Abiotic and Anthropogenic Factors

Classification of the mode of life and behavior of zoobenthic, nektobenthic, and neustonic organisms was used as a basis for elucidating the formation of ethological structure of their communities in small lakes and streams of northeastern Fennoscandia. It is shown that the general response of these communities to anthropogenic impact is manifested in the reduction of the number of ethological groups. The specific response to eutrophication and heat pollution involves a decrease in the relative biomass of clingers and burrowers and an increase in the biomass of sprawling–walking and wormy animals; the response to toxic pollution and acidification is manifested in the prevalence of sprawlers–walkers.     

Fracture Characterization Using Borehole Radar: Numerical Modeling

Forward modeling of borehole radar data for a series of synthetic discrete-fracture network (DFN) models provides a conceptual framework for interpreting experimental field data at fractured rock sites. A finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) radar wave propagation model was developed for this purpose. Synthetic examples demonstrate the utility of single-hole reflection-mode and cross-hole transmission-mode borehole radar for (1) identification of fracture location and orientation, and (2) identification of fracture pore-fluid properties, which might change as a result of tracer tests or flooding exercises in support of resource development or site remediation. A two-dimensional, synthetic DFN was generated statistically based on hypothetical distributions of fracture length, orientation, aperture, permeability, and inter-connectivity. The DFN includes a zone of permeable fractures embedded within a network of lower-permeability fractures and a low-permeability rock matrix. We modeled the unconnected and non-permeable fractures as being filled with freshwater. To simulate tracer experiments, contaminant releases, or engineered-remediation processes, we considered alternately the inter-connected, permeable fractures to be filled with freshwater air, or saline water (tracer). Synthetic radar data sets for both single-hole reflection and cross-hole transmission modes were generated. The features in synthetic radargrams were then examined and compared to the DFN model to evaluate the likelihood of identifying fracture location, orientation, and pore fluid in field situations. This comparison demonstrates that (1) the replacement of freshwater with saline water in permeable fractures generally increases the amplitude of reflections from permeable, connected fractures; and (2) in general, radar reflection-mode data contains more information about fracture properties than transmission-mode data.     

高加速寿命试验在光纤声光调制器上的应用研究

目的将光纤声光调制器产品缺陷激发为可被检测到的故障,找出失效模式,为建立失效机理库及提升产品可靠性提供依据。方法采用高加速寿命试验的方法,结合敏感应力分析结果,设计试验方案,并进行试验,快速将产品内部的设计和工艺缺陷激发出来,变成可检测到的故障。对故障产品进行失效分析,找出失效模式。结果本试验激发出5类故障,对故障进行隔离,选5类故障对应的故障产品进行失效分析。6#被试品未见异常,8#、12#、15#为内部电-声换能器机械开裂导致失效,11#为晶振内部引脚在振动过程中受到应力作用断裂,导致晶振无输出。结论统计出两类失效模式,一类为电-声换能器机械开裂、一类为晶振内部引脚在振动过程中受到应力作用断裂,为产品后期进一步分析失效机理、建立失效机理库并结合失效机理进行相应的可靠性提升及工艺优化提供了依据。     

旅游循环经济视角下景区垃圾处理的新模式

作为旅游过程中产生的主要废物之一,景区垃圾主要来源于旅游者、旅游服务企业、生物新陈代谢、建设项目、办公等方面。景区垃圾是一把“双刃剑”,处理不当会影响游客体验、损害旅游形象、危害人身健康、威胁旅游安全、影响旅游可持续发展,但若处理得当会变成宝贵的财富。旅游循环经济对景区垃圾处理提出了无害化、减量化、资源化的要求。生态综合处理模式是在综合焚烧法、填埋法、堆肥法等传统处理方法的基础上提出的适合旅游循环经济要求的景区垃圾处理的新模式,不仅解决景区垃圾的出路问题,而且再造的景观具有美化环境的作用,还可以培育成为重要的旅游吸引物。     

浅谈垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工艺和方式

城市生活垃圾填埋场项目环评工作中,其重点和难点是根据不同的自然环境,提出科学、合理、经济、有针对性的垃圾填埋渗滤液处理工艺和方式。垃圾填埋场渗滤液是难处理的高浓度有机废水,在填埋场不同服务时期,其渗滤液的水质及主要组分也在发生变化。本文结合国内外对渗滤液研究基础上,剖析垃圾填埋场渗滤液产生来源、水质特点、主要组分变化情况,深入研究渗滤液的预处理过程、物理化学法、生物处理法及土地处理法等方法的适用条件和优缺点对比,并提出垃圾填埋场对渗滤液的各种处理形式。目前垃圾渗滤液处理方法和方式虽然很多,但如何从源头上减少渗滤液的产生,找到既经济又合理的处理工艺,值得我们在环评工作中做进一步研究。     

短流程钢铁企业发展循环经济的模式

大力发展短流程钢铁企业,是钢铁工业节能减排、发展循环经济、实现可持续发展的重要途径。介绍了国内外电炉短流程钢铁企业的发展情况,阐述了短流程钢铁企业三低两高发展循环经济的模式,提出提高我国短流程炼钢产量占总产量比重必须采取的战略措施,以及短流程钢铁企业发展循环经济亟需解决的关键问题。     

四川发展农业循环经济的现状及问题

介绍了四川省地形地貌、人口与农业资源概况,分析了四川发展农业循环经济的现状和模式,提出了四川发展农业循环经济的关键问题。     

A/A系统反硝化除磷的强化及其稳定性研究

利用厌氧/缺氧(A/A)SBR,试验研究了选择和富集反硝化除磷菌(DPB)的条件.结果表明,采用电子供体和电子受体充分分开的两段进水方式运行,当厌氧段进水COD与缺氧段投加硝酸盐质量浓度为300 mg.L-1、50 mg.L-1,pH值约为7.0时,DPB可快速成为系统中的优势菌群,系统可达到良好的反硝化聚磷效果;将前述系统改变为一段进水方式运行后,系统仍具有良好的反硝化聚磷效果.在进水磷浓度同为20 mg.L-1下,在缺氧段投加磷的运行方式比在厌氧段投加磷的运行方式更能提高系统的除磷能力.     

A quantitative correlation of evaluating the flame speed for the BST method in vapor cloud explosions

In recent decades, vapor cloud explosions (VCEs) have occurred frequently and resulted in numerous personnel injuries and large property losses. As a main concern in the petrochemical industry, it is of great importance to assess the consequence of VCEs. Currently, the TNT equivalency method (TNT EM), the TNO multi-energy method (TNO MEM), and the Baker-Strehlow-Tang (BST) method are widely used to estimate the blast load from VCEs. The TNO MEM and BST method determine the blast load from blast curves based on the class number and the flame speed, respectively. To quantitatively evaluate the flame speed for the BST method, the experimental data is adopted to validate the confinement specific correlation (CSC) for the determination of the class number in the TNO MEM. As a bridge, a quantitative evaluation correlation (QEC) between CSC correlation and the flame speed is established and the blast wave shapes corresponding to different flame speeds are proposed. CFD software FLACS was used to verify the quantitative correlation with the numerical models of three geometrical scales. It is found that the calculated flame speeds by the QEC are in good agreement with the simulated ones. A petrochemical plant is selected as a realistic scenario to analyze the TNT EM, TNO MEM, BST method and FLACS simulations in terms of the positive-phase side-on overpressure and impulse at different distances. Compared with the flame speed table, the predicted overpressure from BST curves determined by the proposed QEC is closer to that from FLACS and more conservative. Furthermore, the predicted results of different methods are compared with each other. It is found that the estimated positive-phase side-on overpressure and impulse by the TNO MEM are the largest, and the estimated impulse by the TNT EM is the smallest. Moreover, the estimated overpressure and impulse are larger in the higher reactivity gas.