环境NGO对公众参与的促进行为

伴随着我国经济的持续高发展，环境形势日益严峻。整合和发挥环境非政府组织NGO（Non-Government Organization）以促进公众参与的巨大潜能，推动全民参与环境保护是实现可持续发展战略的根本途径。环境NGO为促进公众参与开展了多种形式的活动，尽管总体看来促进公众参与的行为层次比较低，然而以发展的眼光来看，其带来的变革将是深远的。全社会应该关注扶持环境NGO成长壮大，促使公众参与向更深层次推进。     

城市灾害综合风险管理的三维模式--阶段矩阵模式

在考虑防灾减灾措施下,构建了城市灾害风险综合评估的框架体系,包括11种城市灾害所对应的风险系统评估后的综合评估,每个系统的评估是在考虑防灾减灾措施下采用信息扩散技术进行的信息处理和评估.在综合评估的基础上提出了由阶段、灾害风险种类和级别组成的城市灾害综合风险管理的三维模式--阶段矩阵模式.它是由3个阶段、6个环节及每个环节的矩阵模式组成.据此,简述了城市灾害综合风险管理的过程是灾前预防矩阵管理、灾前准备矩阵管理、灾中应急矩阵管理、灾中救援矩阵管理、灾后恢复矩阵管理和灾后重建矩阵管理不断循环和完善的过程.最后,用一个虚拟实例说明了阶段矩阵模式的有效性.     

减灾与可持续发展模式--从第二次世界减灾大会看中国减灾战略的调整

简要介绍了2005年1月17日-22日在日本神户召开的世界减灾大会的基本内容,并着重论述了当前国际减灾领域的重要进展和发展趋向,就减灾与可持续发展作了系统的论证,提出了我国减灾领域近期发展的主要方向.从世界减灾大会的各项议程和各类论坛可以看出,未来世界减灾的战略可以概括如下:加强减灾能力建设是促进区域可持续发展的核心任务,全面推进社区减灾体系的建设是实现未来10年减灾目标的关键任务;建立与灾害风险共存的经济与社会体系,必须把减灾与区域发展有机地整合起来,寻求除害与兴利并举的可持续发展模式,建设接受一定风险水平的安全社区体系;重视包括全球气候变化、经济全球化、世界城镇化等自然与人文过程引发或孕育的新的灾害风险;建立满足区域减灾目标需要的预警系统,加强减灾信息共享,充分利用现有的减灾资源.针对国际减灾发展趋向,提出了中国减灾战略调整的建议,即实施"区域减灾"、"综合减灾"、"科教减灾"、"提高区域减灾能力"和"加强减灾科技能力建设".     

企业职业伤害风险分级模型研究

我国严峻的安全生产形势主要原因之一是缺乏对企业强有力的安全监察.对比分析了国内外安全监察的差距,提出了分级安全监察的理念,并研究了支持分级安全监察的企业分级指标和模型,使用模型对调查企业数据进行计算、排序和分级,效果明显,该模型能够起对分级安全监察起到指导和支持作用.     

委任消防部队参与院前急救的措施

就现行体制下,分析了消防部队参与灾难和事故时危重伤员的院前医护急救的可行性和好处,提出了消防部队参与院前医护急救的模式,并探讨了消防部队参与院前医护急救所需要解决的技能培训、人员编制、装备配置和经费保障等问题.     

Driving and alternatives: older drivers in Michigan

Method: A statewide telephone survey of Michigan drivers and former drivers aged 65 and older collected information on transportation mode choices, experience with alternatives to driving, and whether drivers planned for when they could no longer drive. Results: Results showed that most older adult households owned at least one automobile, and that the automobile was the primary mode of transportation. Most former drivers obtained rides from relatives and friends. Use of public transportation was low, and some seniors were not aware of available public transportation services. Older drivers did not plan for driving cessation. Over half the drivers who perceived a likelihood of driving problems within 5 years expected to keep driving beyond 5 years. Impact on industry: Because of their lifelong reliance on the automobile, their desire to drive themselves, and their lack of experience with public transportation, efforts to enhance the mobility of older people should consider this background while alternatives to the personal automobile are developed.     

高阶振型在山地掉层结构中的影响研究

设置不同掉层层数、掉层跨数和坎上楼层层数的模型,对比分析各模型在不同振型数下结构响应值的误差,根据分析结果来验证常用振型数量控制方法的适用性和差异性。结果表明,高阶振型对山地结构中掉层部分的内力响应影响显著。不同的掉层结构布置对振型数的选择有重要影响,掉层层数的增加使层剪力误差超限的楼层位置从顶层转移到掉层部分,致使掉层部分对高阶振型更加敏感。伴随着掉层跨数的减少,最大层剪力误差及误差超限的楼层数均呈先增大后减小趋势,即存在最不利的掉层跨数比,此时各内力响应误差均最大。坎上楼层的增加会提高掉层部分的剪力误差值。相对于层剪力,层间位移更易于通过提高振型数来控制精度。振型位移控制法的精度较高,但会增加大量结构计算和分析成本。振型质量参与系数法仅在个别结构中的层间剪力误差较小,总体来说其控制效果较差。解决这一问题,还需进一步研究以便提出一种新的振型控制方法。     

Standardized error severity score (ESS) ratings to quantify risk associated with child restraint system (CRS) and booster seat misuse

Objective: Although numerous research studies have reported high levels of error and misuse of child restraint systems (CRS) and booster seats in experimental and real-world scenarios, conclusions are limited because they provide little information regarding which installation issues pose the highest risk and thus should be targeted for change. Beneficial to legislating bodies and researchers alike would be a standardized, globally relevant assessment of the potential injury risk associated with more common forms of CRS and booster seat misuse, which could be applied with observed error frequency—for example, in car seat clinics or during prototype user testing—to better identify and characterize the installation issues of greatest risk to safety.

Methods: A group of 8 leading world experts in CRS and injury biomechanics, who were members of an international child safety project, estimated the potential injury severity associated with common forms of CRS and booster seat misuse. These injury risk error severity score (ESS) ratings were compiled and compared to scores from previous research that had used a similar procedure but with fewer respondents. To illustrate their application, and as part of a larger study examining CRS and booster seat labeling requirements, the new standardized ESS ratings were applied to objective installation performance data from 26 adult participants who installed a convertible (rear- vs. forward-facing) CRS and booster seat in a vehicle, and a child test dummy in the CRS and booster seat, using labels that only just met minimal regulatory requirements. The outcome measure, the risk priority number (RPN), represented the composite scores of injury risk and observed installation error frequency.

Results: Variability within the sample of ESS ratings in the present study was smaller than that generated in previous studies, indicating better agreement among experts on what constituted injury risk. Application of the new standardized ESS ratings to installation performance data revealed several areas of misuse of the CRS/booster seat associated with high potential injury risk.

Conclusions: Collectively, findings indicate that standardized ESS ratings are useful for estimating injury risk potential associated with real-world CRS and booster seat installation errors.     

北京首都机场污水处理厂自动化控制系统

北京首都国际机场污水处理厂于 1999年 10月建成通水 ,是实现全自动运行的污水处理厂之一 ,介绍了该厂自控系统组成 ,工艺操作模式及其运行结果     

基于故障物理的集成控制器电路板可靠性预计

目的实现商用电动汽车集成控制器的可靠性预计与提升,采用应力仿真与故障物理相结合的方法对其关键电路板进行可靠性预计。方法针对集成控制器的数字样机,开展热、振动仿真应力分析,采用故障模式机理及影响分析(FMMEA)方法,分析电路板可能存在的故障模式和故障机理,确定潜在故障模式的故障物理模型。将应力分析结果作为故障物理模型的输入,进行基于故障物理的可靠性预计,寻找设计薄弱环节,并提出改进措施。结果找到了电路板的8个高温器件和热集中区域,振动仿真分析表明,电路板顶端与中心振动强度较大,可能引起疲劳失效,需要给予关注。通过FMMEA分析,得到电路板的主要故障模式为焊点开裂,主要受温度循环影响,造成热疲劳失效。最后采用Coffin-Mason模型,计算得到电路板的平均故障间隔时间为15869 h,找出了电路板的可靠性设计的薄弱环节。结论该方法基于故障物理,相对传统基于手册的可靠性预计方法精度更高,同时能够在产品研制阶段与性能设计并行,通过分析和改进产品设计,达到正向可靠性设计的目的,为新能源汽车领域电子产品的可靠性预计提供新的思路。