应用大气扩散模式进行区域稻田甲烷源强估算

传统通量箱方法对区域稻田甲烷源强的估算具有很大不确定性 .本研究应用箱模式和 ATDL模式估算区域稻田甲烷排放率 .箱模式和 ATDL模式估算排放率分别为 :6月 13.2～ 30.4mg· (m²·h)^-1 和 6.1～ 8.5mg·(m²·h)^-1,9月 10.4～20.0 mg·(m²·h)^-1 和 5.5～9.3mg·(m²·h)^-1;而传统通量箱方法估算排放率为 :6月 0.3～ 14.3mg·(m²·h)^-1 ,9月 0～0.3mg·(m²·h)^-1.分析表明 ,北京地区水稻生长季的接地逆温等不利气象条件使箱模式应用的基本假设难以满足 ,使之得出偏高的估算结果 . ATDL模式能较好地适应这种不利气象条件 ,并在 6月得出了与通量观测结果相近的估算结果 ,而其 9月高于通量观测结果的估算 ,却可能证实了通量箱方法难以测得的干旱稻田土壤裂缝的甲烷排放 ,有待于进一步研究证实 .     

光电产品可靠性试验常见故障分析

结合型号可靠性试验工作。阐述了光电产品可靠性试验的特点及其故障判据。针对光学器件和光电产品的特点,以光电显示系统、瞄准具及热像仪等产品为例。对光电产品在可靠性试验过程中发生的故障模式、故障机理和故障原因进行了分析。     

Diurnal variation of number concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles in the urban atmosphere of Beijing in winter

Number concentration and distribution of airborne particles in the size range 5.6 to 560 um diameter were measured in Beijing for a 15-d period in winter 2005.Daily average number concentrations of nucleation mode(5.6-20 nm),Aitken mode(20-100 nm), and accumulation mode(100-560 nm)particles,and total particles were 17500,32000,4000,and 53500 cm~(-3),respectively.Average particle size distribution was monomodal with a mode diameter of about 40 um at night and bimodal with mode diameters of about 10 and about 40 nm during the daytime.New particle formation events,which were connected to diurnal variation of nucleation mode particles,were observed in more than half of the observation days.The events often started around 10:00-11:00 Chinese Standard Time (CST)and ended up after 3-4 h.Concentrations of Aitken and accumulation mode particles increased from midnight and reached their maxima at about 10:00 CST,and then decreased and became the lowest in the afternoon.Analysis of diurnal cycles in traffic volume and meteorological parameters revealed that the accumulation of the particles in Aitken and accumulation modes in the morning was influenced by formation of an inversion and increase in vehicle emission,and dispersion of such particles in the afternoon was associated with more effective vertical mixing and higher wind speed.     

Preparation1 and utilization of wheat straw anionic sorbent for the removal of nitrate from aqueous solution

In order to reduce the impact of eutrophication caused by agricultural residues (i.e. excess nitrate) in aqueous solution, economic and effective anionic sorbents are required. In this article, we prepared anionic sorbent using wheat straw. Its structural characteristics and adsorption properties for nitrate removal from aqueous solution were investigated. The results indicate that the yield of the prepared anionic sorbent, the total exchange capacity, and the maximum adsorption capacity were 350%, 2.57 mEq/g, and 2.08 mmol/g, respectively. The Freundlich isotherm mode is more suitable than the Langmuir mode and the adsorption process accords with the first order reaction kinetic rate equation. When multiple anions (SO42-, H2PO4-, NO3-, and NO2-) were present, the isotherm mode of prepared anionic sorbent for nitrate was consistent with Freundlich mode; however, the capacity of nitrate adsorption was reduced by 50%. In alkaline solutions, about 90% of adsorbed nitrate ions could be desorbed from prepared anionic sorbent. The results of this study confirmed that the wheat straw anionic sorbent can be used as an excellent nitrate sorbent that removes nitrate from aqueous solutions.     

氧化沟工艺技术的发展

本文从氧化沟的构筑形式、曝气设备、处理深度和运行方式等方面较为系统的阐述了其发展情况，并就氧化沟运行中经常出现的一些问题提出了解决对策。     

基于非圆球模式的大气超细颗粒物在沉积和凝并共同作用下的动力学模型研究

数值模拟了封闭环境内非球形超细颗粒物的动力学演化,以探讨颗粒物的沉积和凝并行为.采用泰勒展开方法导出了描述颗粒物动力学这两种行为共同作用的矩方程.通过与实验结果对比表明:本文得出的矩方程相对于传统的矩方程模型更适于刻画颗粒物的扩散和重力沉积,能够精确地预测它们的动力学演变过程.通过将颗粒形状参数(分形维数,Df)纳入原始动力学方程,使得颗粒物凝并模型可以较为准确地描述真实情况下非球形颗粒的凝并行为.此外在高颗粒物浓度条件下,得出颗粒物的演变主要受到凝并作用的影响,沉积作用则相对较弱.     

基于扫描式激光多普勒测振仪的叶片工作变形研究

目的保证叶片结构的完整性。方法采用结构工作变形分析理论,借助扫描式激光多普勒测振仪多点、非接触、高精度测量的优点,搭建了一套发动机叶片工作变形分析试验系统。通过振动台对叶片施加快速正弦扫频的基础激励,用测振仪测量叶片表面55个测点的速度响应,然后用工作变形分析方法得到该叶片的前6阶固有频率和振型,用模态置信准则评估上述6阶振型之间的相关性。结果该叶片振型由低阶到高阶依次是一阶弯曲、两种不同节线的一阶扭转、二阶弯曲、二阶扭转、弯扭耦合,不同阶次振型的MAC值都小于或等于0.2。结论不同模态振型之间的相关性很低,证明了工作变形分析结果的正确性。     

噪声与静压载荷同时作用下飞机壁板试验研究

目的 模拟飞机结构承受静压载荷与噪声载荷时的真实情况,为飞机设计初期阶段设计选型提供试验数据支持。方法 使用压缩空气进行静压加载,模拟噪声与正压、噪声与负压联合加载,并以静压载荷0.06 MPa、噪声载荷151 dB为例,进行了试验验证。结果 在噪声与静压载荷同时作用下,若静压载荷过大,结构会发生塑性变形。结论 提出的飞机选型阶段噪声与静压载荷联合加载的试验方法,实现了噪声与静压(正压与负压)联合加载,并通过飞机壁板声静联合试验,验证了飞机壁板结构的噪声与静压联合试验方法。     

青藏高原东北部土族家庭能源消费特征

家庭能源消费特征因受地理环境及文化等影响而存在显著的人文空间差异,尤其是对于特色或边远少数民族地区,迫切需要加强相关调查实证研究。基于青海省100户土族家庭的实地调研,从收入水平分组视角考察其能源消费特征,分析家庭能源消费活动的环境效应,并构建物质流模型予以可视化分析。结果表明：土族家庭年人均能源消费量为3473 kgce,以煤炭、薪柴和秸秆等为主;随着收入水平提升,能源消费结构逐渐向多元化转变且对能源重要性的认知逐渐从生物质能源转向商品能源。家庭能源消费导致的年人均CO₂、N₂O、NO_X、SO₂和TSP的产生量分别为1856.87 kg、117.10 g、254.46 g、451.87 g和520.74 g。未来应增强清洁能源利用水平,统筹推进青藏高原地区生活能源消费的可持续转型。     

向家坝工程扰动区植被恢复土壤质量评价

以向家坝工程扰动区6种植被恢复模式下的土壤为研究对象,综合考虑表征土壤物理、化学和生物特性的25个土壤指标,利用敏感性分析和最小数据集方法进行土壤质量综合评价.结果表明：基于敏感性分析和最小数据集的土壤质量综合评价模型均能有差别的反映不同植被恢复模式对土壤质量和功能的影响;加权算法下基于最小数据集所计算土壤质量综合评价指数（SQI-MWA）能更敏感的反映出植被恢复措施对土壤质量的影响;有机质、全磷和多酚氧化酶能更好反映土壤质量受不同植被恢复方式的影响差异,推荐作为反映向家坝工程扰动区土壤质量的最优指标组合;土壤质量表现为：植被混凝土样地>厚层基材样地>天然林样地>客土喷播样地>框格梁样地>弃渣地.