A simulation study of the medium-term effects of field patterns on cross-pollination rates in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

Gene flow between cultivars within a landscape may lead to impurities that reduce harvest value. In OSR, as for most crops, impurity rates are expected to depend on the spatial distribution of crops over the landscape. However, in contrast to other well-studied crops such as maize, OSR crops generate seed banks in European agro-ecosystems. Gene flow is thus a spatio-temporal process which depends on cropping systems. We therefore aimed at identifying spatial variables that have an effect on regional or local harvest impurities, taking account of the time since the introduction of OSR crops in the regions and of cropping system. Gene flow was simulated over 36 field patterns cultivated with either 15% or 30% of OSR fields, among which 10% or 50% were GM, for three contrasted cropping systems, with the GeneSys software already used for EU co-existence studies. Through regression analyses, we determined spatial and agronomic factors that most affected harvest impurity rates of non-GM OSR after one or seven years of OSR cultivation. The cropping system was the main factor explaining regional harvest impurity rates. Its importance increased after six years of OSR cultivation. For a given cropping system, the regional impurity rate after one year increased linearly with the current proportion of GM crop. In contrast, impurity rates after six years largely depended on the proportions of OSR crop (GM or not) in the two preceding years. During the first year of OSR cultivation, local impurity rates were mostly explained by the distance to the closest GM field. After six years, these rates were mostly explained by the density of GM volunteers in the analysed field and, to a lesser degree, to that of volunteers in neighbour non-OSR fields. Cropping systems were most important in determining impurity rates and the way impurity rates related to regional or local factors. Determination of isolation distances to ensure harvest purity should thus consider past history of OSR cultivation in the area and, in particular, how current or future cropping systems will manage volunteers. Regression quantiles were fitted to the simulated data to determine regional rules (i.e. the maximum regional area of GM OSR and isolation distances between GM and non-GM crops) as a function of the risk accepted by the decision-maker (i.e. the % of situations exceeding harvest impurity thresholds), the cropping system and the volunteer infestation.     

Evaluation of a Gaussian-modified dispersion model for atmospheric release from the Marcoule nuclear site

This paper presents a mathematical model of local pollutant dispersion designed to compute the concentration field above and around the Marcoule nuclear site. The model is based on integrating the classical turbulent diffusion equation, corrected (prior to integration) by experimental wind tunnel data obtained for a scaled-down model of the site. The computed results are compared with full-scale experimental observations at Marcoule in the case of neutral atmosphere. A comparison with the standard Gaussian model is also made. Finally, a critical analysis of the model is presented. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Herbicide Resistant Sugar Beet – What Is the Problem?

Risk assessment studies of herbicide resistant sugarbeet have revealed no risks to human health or the environment.Indeed it appears that commercial growth of this crop mightsecure benefits such as decreased pesticide use and increasedbiodiversity. However, widespread resistance to GM crops such asherbicide resistant sugar beet still persists in Europe. It isargued that this is not just because people do not know therelevant facts. Rather it is because popular resistance to GMfood is driven in part by concerns other than the fear ofnarrowly defined risks to health and the environment. These otherconcerns include an aversion to commercial monopoly and anegative view of pesticide use in general. Herbicide resistantsugar beet may also be perceived as a ``Trojan horse,' i.e., acrop whose licensing would create a precedent and make it morelikely that other, less environmentally friendly, crops will beapproved within the current strictly technical and science-basedrisk assessment procedures. To meet these public concerns, a kindof technology assessment reflecting factors such as benefits andconsumer choice is called for.     

NaCl改性沸石对水中氨氮的吸附机制

通过颗粒强度测定、扫描电镜分析（SEM）、X射线能谱分析（EDS）和零电点测定（pHPZC）考察改性前后沸石表面特性的变化,考察pH值、沸石投加量、初始氨氮浓度以及温度对吸附过程的影响,并通过吸附等温式和吸附动力学对吸附机制进行描述.经过NaCl改性后的沸石的颗粒强度明显增大,表面更加粗糙,孔径增大,钠离子通过交换作用进入到沸石内部.pH值为7,沸石投加量为8g/L,温度为35℃时吸附效果最好,平衡吸附量（qe）与氨氮初始浓度呈正相关性.Langmuir等温线比Freundlich等温线更适合描述实验数据,最大饱和吸附量为13.210mg/g.吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型.实验表明NaCl改性沸石能够有效去除水中的氨氮.     

改性膨润土对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附性能研究

研究比较了膨润土与改性膨润土作为吸附剂对Cd2 + 的吸附性能。探讨了膨润土的用量、pH值等因素对膨润土吸附Cd2 + 的影响。改性膨润土对Cd2 + 的吸附能力明显增强 ;膨润土的用量、pH值对Cd2 + 的吸附效率影响较大。当pH =8～ 9时 ,改性膨润土用量为 4g L ,对初始浓度为 4 0mg L的Cd2 + 的去除率达 96 %。膨润土原土、改性膨润土对Cd2 + 的吸附等温线均符合Freundlich方程。     

改进AB工艺脱氮除磷功能试验研究

试验采用一种改进AB工艺 ,旨在提高传统AB工艺城市污水处理厂的氮、磷去除效果。平行对比试验的结果表明 :在不扩充池容的情况下 ,仅在传统AB工艺基础上进行简单的调整 ,改进AB工艺可以较好地缓解传统AB工艺在生物脱氮除磷过程中存在的碳源相对不足问题 ;在保持有机物高效去除的前提下 ,与传统AB工艺、间歇曝气工艺相比较 ,改进AB工艺的TN、TP去除率显著提高 ,分别达到 79 8%和 90 6 1% ,出水CODCr、TN和TP等各项污染指标均能实现达标排放。     

用改性膨润土作垃圾填埋场底部衬里的试验

结合JeanFrank提出的双层矿物基底衬里(DMBL)的新概念设计了新型垃圾填埋场的底部防护系统,通过土柱对比实验,对DMBL中的高度反应层和“惰性”层位置不同时,衬里对渗滤液的渗透和衰减能力进行了研究.结果表明,无论高度反应层在“惰性”层的上方还是下方,DMBL的渗透系数可达到1×10^-7cm/s以下,但有机膨润土层放置在“惰性”层下方时,不但防渗性能较好,而且对渗滤液中有机物、铁离子的去除率分别达到58%、98%,对NH₄⁺、锌离子等也表现出较好的去除效果.     

改性纤维球处理武钢热轧含油废水中试研究

在武钢热轧水处理车间,采用改性纤维球过滤技术,进行了规模为8m3/h的含油废水中试研究。中试装置连续运行了90d,过滤后出水水质为:含油≤5mg/L,悬浮物<7mg/L;反洗水回流到平流沉淀池循环处理。试验结果表明,改性纤维球是一种优良的过滤材料,截污容量大,容易再生,处理后的水质基本达到生产用水要求。     

壳聚糖的化学改性及其吸附性能的研究

以脱乙酰度90%的壳聚糖(CTS)与硫氰酸铵和氯乙酸反应,合成了一种带有硫脲基和羧基双官能团的水溶性中间产物,再经戊二醛交联,制备了水不溶性的可用于处理含重金属废水的颗粒状树脂.用FTIR,SEM及比表面法对中间产物及颗粒状树脂进行了表征,表明—HN—C(S)—NH—CH2—COOH基团接枝到CTS链上并进行了交联.吸附实验表明,该化合物对Cu2 的吸附量(248mmol·g-1)比Ni2 (135mmol·g-1)高得多,这可能与离子的核电荷数和螯合体的配位相关.在两种金属离子的混合液中,该化合物对Cu2 的初始吸附选择性更强.吸附金属离子的树脂经3次盐酸洗脱再生后,吸附性能几乎没有下降.     

平顶山市污水处理厂总氮去除工艺

分析了平顶山市污水处理厂一期工程中总氮去除效率低下的原因,介绍了平顶山市污水处理厂去除总氮的有效措施,包括调整进水水质和改善进水可生化性能以及改进传统Carrousel型氧化沟工艺为改良型氧化沟工艺等措施。结果表明:工艺改造后的出水TN达到GB18918-2002一级城镇污水排放标准,可以排放,污水处理厂运行效果良好。