Ca改性生物炭对土壤磷赋存形态影响及稳定化机制

针对湖库周边农田淹没后土壤磷释放风险控制的问题,采用共热解法制备Ca改性生物炭（Ca-BC）,通过X射线光电子能谱分析（XPS）、X射线多晶粉末衍射分析（XRD）、吸附实验和模拟培养实验等,进行Ca-BC 对土壤磷赋存形态影响和稳定化机制研究.结果表明,Ca-BC 吸附磷的过程符合Langmuir（R² = 0.940）和一级吸附动力学模型（R² = 0.961）,表明该吸附过程为化学作用主导的单层吸附,最大吸附量达到267.93 mg·g^-1.模拟培养实验表明,当Ca-BC添加量为1%时,土壤中较活跃性的交换态磷形态从7.42%下降至4.59%. XRD结果表明,Ca-BC吸附磷后出现Ca₃（PO₄）₂和Ca₅（PO₄）₃（OH）吸收峰,证明磷酸盐在生物炭表面形成较稳定的晶体沉淀.XPS分析表明,生物炭表面羰基官能团参与磷固定过程,提高了生物炭对磷的吸附能力.总体来讲,Ca-BC 添加量大于1%时,对磷的释放有较好的固定能力,具备对土壤磷释放控制的潜在应用价值.     

Preparation and performance of novel APP/NaY–Fe suppressant for coal dust explosion

Coal dust explosion occurs easily in the coal chemical industry. To ensure safety in industrial production, NaY zeolite was used as carrier modified with Fe ions and combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to prepare a novel composite suppressant for coal dust explosion. The explosion suppression performance of novel APP/NaY–Fe suppressant was investigated by flame propagation inhibition experiments. The results show that Fe ion modification can effectively improve the explosion suppression performance. By increasing content, the explosion suppression performance of the explosion suppressant increases. The maximum explosion pressure P_max of coal dust drops to 0.13 MPa when 50 wt% explosion suppressants were added, and the coal dust explosion cannot continue to expand. Complete suppression of explosion could be achieved by adding 66 wt% explosion suppressants. Combined with XRD, SEM and TG results, the explosion suppression mechanism was proposed. The novel explosion suppressant has high thermal stability, good dispersity and its explosion suppression components distribute uniformly. It shows good explosion suppression performance by the synergistic effect among explosion-suppression components.     

典型山区燃煤型电厂周边土壤重金属形态特征及污染评价

为了揭示毕节金沙电厂周边土壤重金属（Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn）污染状况,在电厂周围采集了32个土壤表层样品,采用改进的BCR连续提取法进行形态分析,并以Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法、改性灰色聚类法及风险评估编码法（RAC）进行生态风险评估.结果表明：重金属含量变化具有一定的空间变异结构和空间分布特征,除了Cd和Cr的含量平均值低于贵州省土壤平均背景值外,其余重金属含量的平均值均大于该背景值.土壤中的大部分重金属主要以残渣态形式存在,而Cd主要以酸可提取态和可还原态存在,具有很强的环境危害.相关性分析结果显示,Hg与As、Cd表现为极显著相关,而Zn与其余重金属元素相关性都较弱.生态风险评价得出7种重金属的生态风险大小顺序为Cd > Hg > As > Cu > Pb > Zn > Cr,综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）平均值为129.72,处于中等生态风险.通过改性灰色聚类法对土壤重金属污染进行分析评价,表明电厂西面污染明显高于东面,且Hg和Cd为主要污染物;由风险评估编码法得出元素Cd有效态占18.17%,对环境构成中等风险等级,元素Cr和Zn对环境的危害处于低风险状态,元素Hg、Pb、As和Cu处于无风险状态.综合以上研究结果,金沙电厂土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,应特别重视Hg和Cd这两种重金属污染的治理.     

Removal of Eu3+, Ce3+, Sr2+, and Cs+ ions from radioactive waste solutions by modified activated carbon prepared from coconut shells

As a biomass agricultural waste material, coconut shells were used for the preparation of high-quality modified activated carbon. Chemical modification of the surface of the prepared activated carbon is done by oxidation using H₂O₂ and HNO₃, respectively. The surface area and pore volume of the coconut shells activated carbon are increased by the chemical modification, and followingly the removal of the metals is improved. The structural morphology and composition of the modified activated carbon coconut shells (MACCS) were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, thermogravimetric analysis–differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analysis (SAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis. The prepared MACCS has reasonably good chemical stability. The influence of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, adsorption temperature, initial metal concentrations, and interfering ions on the adsorption performance of the investigated ions onto the prepared sorbent was examined by a batch method. The selectivity sequence for sorption of Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions on MACCS was found to be Eu^3+?>?Ce^3+?>?Sr^2+?>?Cs⁺. The saturation capacities of MACCS for the studied metal ions were found to be 136.84, 85.55, 69.85, and 60.00?mg?g^?1 for Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° were also evaluated.     

改性核桃壳对石油烃类物质的吸附试验研究

为了研究改性制备核桃壳对石油烃吸附程度,以化学改性制备核桃壳为吸附剂,考察了溶液p H值、时间和温度对改性核桃壳吸附石油烃效果的影响。结果表明:当温度为298 K,p H为7.0,0.2 g改性核桃壳吸附处理100 m L浓度为60 mg/L的柴油溶液,80 min后吸附量最大,可达到12.57 mg/g。该吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,其相关系数达到0.9999。在3种温度(298,308,318 K)条件下的吸附等温曲线更符合Freundlich模型。通过热力学计算证实,该吸附过程是吸热的、自发的过程,一定程度上的升温有助于石油烃的吸附。     

改性黏土絮凝海洋原甲藻对水体中氮、磷的影响研究

通过对比研究典型有害微藻海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg)自然消亡(A1组)及改性黏土絮凝(A2组)两种体系,考察两体系中氮、磷等主要水质因子的变化情况.结果表明,改性黏土能有效去除P. micans并影响其后期生长状态,0.4g/L改性黏土添加3.5h后去除率可达60%以上,且藻密度无二次增长.改性黏土絮凝藻华过程中能有效去除水体营养元素, A2组DIP和DIN较A1组分别降低85%和35%.另外,添加改性黏土对水体有机氮、磷影响值得关注,第33d A2组TON和TOP较A1组分别减少约120, 6μmol/L. 改性黏土对有机氮、磷存在一定的埋存保护作用,通过吸附絮凝、螯合等作用使有机氮、磷脱离水体系统,而自然消亡体系中的微藻消亡后将通过分解、矿化等过程快速进入水体参与再循环.该研究系统阐述了改性黏土絮凝P. micans对水体营养环境的影响,以期为现场治理提供理论支持.     

聚硫代酰胺修饰活性炭对Au(Ⅲ)的选择性吸附效果与机制

通过在活性炭(AC)上原位合成聚硫代酰胺(PTA),成功制备了一种聚硫代酰胺修饰的活性炭基吸附材料(AC-PTA),研究其对废水中三价金[Au(Ⅲ)]的选择性吸附效果及机制.结果表明,AC-PTA在较宽的pH范围(＜5.0)内对多金属离子共存溶液中的Au(Ⅲ)表现出优异的选择性吸附性能,Au(Ⅲ)的剩余浓度小于0.1m...     

钛基修饰电极催化电解去除水中硝酸盐氮的研究

利用热分解法制备CuO修饰Ti基阴极和SnO2-Sb2O5修饰Ti基阳极,组成无隔膜电解体系,以模拟废水(NO3--N 50mg/L)为对象,进行了水中NO3--N去除实验研究.结果数据表明,CuO修饰Ti基阴极对水中NO3--N的去除率随电流密度、极板间距、搅拌强度和电解时间增加而增加,在电流密度10mA/cm2、极板间距9mm、中等搅拌强度下电解150min,NO3--N催化还原去除率可达93.8%.Cl-支持电解可使NO3--N催化还原产物NH4+-N氧化为N2-N去除.在电流密度10mA/cm2、极板间距9mm、NaCl添加量600mg/L、中等搅拌强度下电解120min后,NO3--N和TN的去除率达到89.3%和86.9%,NO2--N和NH4+-N未检出.分析认为NO3--N还原机制为NOx中O被阴极表面Cu吸附固定,N—O键受氢攻击破坏,逐步还原.阳极电解Cl-生成HOCl,HOCl氧化NH4+-N成N2-N.     

改进型ABR+复合生物反应器处理糕点残渣废水

介绍了改进型ABR+复合生物反应器在糕点残渣废水处理工程实例中的应用,运行结果表明:该工艺运行稳定、操作简便、运行成本低,处理糕点残渣废水可获得良好的效果,出水水质达GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级排放标准。     

A critique of ethical and social issues of genetically modified crops

SUMMARY

The ethical and social issues of genetically modified crops as reported by the Nuffield Bioethics Committee are summarised. A critique of their findings is presented. It is argued that the apparent benefits are outweighed by the ecological, social and economic costs, and that the yields of some genetically modified crops are poorer when compared to conventional species. Furthermore, the current regulations are far too lax for consumer protection. There is an urgent need for a critical and disinterested review of the scientific basis of the research.