西南喀斯特环境移民示范区柑橘园水土流失及土壤水分变化

对西南喀斯特地区2种不同建园方式柑橘园水土流失情况进行连续3a的定位监测,并研究了4种类型柑橘园土壤含水量的年动态变化。结果表明,2种不同建园方式柑橘园的土壤流失量逐年减少,坡地柑橘园的年径流系数大于梯地柑橘园;不同类型柑橘园土壤含水量与土壤层次、建园方式及柑橘园成土母质有关;柑橘园土壤含水量与月降雨量呈正相关,应在不同月份对柑橘园采取不同水分调控措施。     

中国亚热带土壤不同前期含水量对可蚀性K值的影响

采用人工模拟降雨试验的方法,研究我国亚热带７种有代表性土壤在干、湿两种状态下的土壤可蚀性Ｋ值,结果表明、相同类型土壤在干、湿两种状态下的可蚀性Ｋ值存在着明显的差异,耕作土壤的可蚀性Ｋ值高于非耕作土壤。     

冲天炉烟气除尘

采用湿法除尘,在烟气管道内设置喷嘴,使烟气充分加湿和降温后再进入立式文丘里,旋流析除尘器,消除了ＣＯ爆炸危险,在冲天炉上部烟囟顶端设安全２盖板,以保证生产的正常进行;烟气经湿式除尘后达到排放标准。     

VERIFICATION OF THE RHEA-OROGRAPHIC-PRECIPITATION MODEL1

ABSTRACT: Observed April 1 snowpack accumulations within and near the Gunnison River basin in southwestern Colorado are compared with simulations from the Rhea-orographic-precipitation model to determine if the model simulates reliable magnitudes and temporal and spatial variability in winter precipitation for the basin. Twenty simulations of the Rhea model were performed using‘optimal’parameter sets determined for 10-kilometer (km) grids (10-km by 10-km grid cells) through stochastic calibration. Comparisons of Rhea-model simulations of winter precipitation with April 1 snowpack accumulations at 32 snowcourse stations were performed for the years 1972–1990. For most stations and most years the Rhea model reliably simulates the temporal and spatial variability in April 1 snowpack accumulations. However, in general, the Rhea-model underestimates April 1 snowpack accumulations in the Gunnison River basin area, and the underestimation is greatest for locations that receive the largest amount of snow. A significant portion of the error in Rhea-model simulations is due to the calibration of the Rhea model using gauge-catch precipitation measurements which can be as much as 50 percent below actual snowfall accumulations. Additional error in the Rhea-model simulations is a result of the comparison of gridded precipitation values to observed values measured at points.     

锅炉型煤质量的影响因素分析

分析了配煤组分、成型工艺条件、型料粒度等方面对工业型煤质量的影响，指标合理确定惰性组分含量、成型水分和型料粒度组成是型煤生产的关键，并对实际生产提供帮助。     

Impact of cadmium and nickel on ion homeostasis in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Abstract

Toxicity of heavy metals to living organisms is a worldwide research topic. Although, much has been discovered about cadmium and nickel impact on biological systems, a lot still remains unclear. We used inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectroscopy to address the question of the effect of two different heavy metals nickel, and cadmium on intracellular ion balance. Increase or decrease of the content of several essential cations including Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺ in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was determined. Our results revealed that the cell exposure to high nickel and cadmium concentrations led to significant elevation of Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺ levels in the yeast cell, while the content of K⁺ decreased. Correlation analyses showing in the presence of nickel and cadmium strong positive correlation among each tested element (Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Fe³⁺) except for K⁺, demonstrate the significant impact of heavy metal treatment to ion homeostasis of the cell. Our data indicate that acute nickel and cadmium contamination leads to substantial ionome misbalance in yeast.     

PM2.5 chemical source profiles for vehicle exhaust, vegetative burning, geological material, and coal burning in Northwestern Colorado during 1995

PM_2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) chemical source profiles applicable to speciated emissions inventories and receptor model source apportionment are reported for geological material, motor vehicle exhaust, residential coal (RCC) and wood combustion (RWC), forest fires, geothermal hot springs; and coal-fired power generation units from northwestern Colorado during 1995. Fuels and combustion conditions are similar to those of other communities of the inland western US. Coal-fired power station profiles differed substantially between different units using similar coals, with the major difference being lack of selenium in emissions from the only unit that was equipped with a dry limestone sulfur dioxide (SO₂) scrubber. SO₂ abundances relative to fine particle mass emissions in power plant emissions were seven to nine times higher than hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) abundances from geothermal springs, and one to two orders of magnitude higher than SO₂ abundances in RCC emissions, implying that the SO₂ abundance is an important marker for primary particle contributions of non-aged coal-fired power station contributions. The sum of organic and elemental carbon ranged from 1% to 10% of fine particle mass in coal-fired power plant emissions, from 5% to 10% in geological material, >50% in forest fire emissions, >60% in RWC emissions, and >95% in RCC and vehicle exhaust emissions. Water-soluble potassium (K⁺) was most abundant in vegetative burning profiles. K⁺/K ratios ranged from 0.1 in geological material profiles to 0.9 in vegetative burning emissions, confirming previous observations that soluble potassium is a good marker for vegetative burning.     

自然资源资产负债表编制设计及应用Ⅱ：应用

根据作者在《自然资源资产负债表编制设计及应用Ⅰ：设计》中提出的自然资源资产负债表设计方案,论文以湖北省十堰市竹溪县为例,采用统计、市场价格法、替代市场法、意愿评估法等分别编制实物量表和价值量表,在此基础上分析自然资源变化与区域经济发展之间的关系。主要结论如下：1）竹溪县林木和特色资源总量呈逐年上升趋势;水资源中工业用水量逐年减少,工业用水效率不断提高,居民生活用水基本保持不变,城镇公共环境和生态环境用水逐年增加,农业发展受降水等自然条件影响较大,今后应进一步发展现代农业,提高农业用水效率。另外,土地资源有不断向建筑用地转变的趋势,未来竹溪县政府应控制建筑用地面积在合理范围内。2）竹溪县自然资源价值处于一个相对稳定的状态。4种资源中,土地资源价值量最高。人为因素对林木资源价值的影响值均为正值,且绝对值不断增加,人为因素对水资源价值的影响值为负值。3）随着竹溪县GDP增加,自然资源总量保持相对稳定,且每年人为原因对自然资源总价值的影响都是正效应。     

黄土高原草地土壤水分和物种多样性沿降水梯度的分布格局

研究土壤水分、生物多样性的空间变异性是认识陆地生态系统对降水变化的响应特征及适应机制的有效途径。论文利用黄土高原自东南向西北的天然降水梯度,采用样带研究方法对47个草地0~3 m土壤水分和物种多样性进行测定,系统分析了草地土壤水分和植物物种多样性在降水梯度上（250~550 mm）的空间分异及二者之间的权衡关系。结果表明：降水自东南向西北递减是控制黄土高原草地0~3 m土壤水分和物种多样性空间异质性的关键因素。随降雨减少,土壤水分呈线性递减趋势,其中浅层土壤水分（0~1 m）与年降水量相关系数最大。物种丰富度指数和物种多样性指数随降水减少呈显著的线性递减趋势,物种均匀度指数在降水梯度上没有明显变化。370 mm年均降水量是物种多样性和土壤水分权衡关系的转折点,转折点以上二者存在协同关系,即土壤水分和物种多样性沿降水梯度以相同速率变化。370 mm年均降水量以下,物种多样性和土壤水分的权衡增大,意味着维持物种多样性以消耗土壤水分为代价。     

浑河流域沈抚段氮素污染综合溯源研究

通过对浑河流域沈抚段水体样品和主要污染源样品采集及检测,结合氮氧双稳定同位素及SIAR模型,统计分析研究区域氮素污染现状及氮素污染来源,绘制典型污染源的δ15N、δ18O特征分布图并估算其贡献率,准确追踪和定量外来性氮,从而更好地控制进入浑河流域的氮负荷.结果表明,浑河流域沈抚段受排污口、支流输入、工业废水的影响较大,氮素污染严重.研究区域δ15N值在-5.23‰~33.8‰范围内波动,δ18O值变化范围较大,为-4.12‰~61.54‰.工业废水对氮素贡献率为20.6%~96.3%,贡献率最高,其次是生活污水与粪便、化学肥料、土壤,贡献率分布范围分别为0.3%~29.4%、1.2%~33.5%、1.7%~30.1%,大气沉降对氮素贡献率最低,为0~7.2%.考虑大气污染及污废水排放规律能更准确的确定氮素的污染来源.