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排序方式: 共有1286条查询结果,搜索用时 171 毫秒
191.
在腾格里沙漠南缘长期封育沙地区,通过一个生长季的定位观测,分析研究全刈割和刈割一半两种利用强度对封育沙地土壤水分生态的影响,结果表明:在天然植被围栏封育区和人工种植+围栏封育区,全刈割、半刈割处理下的土壤含水量与对照间均存在显著差异。植被对土壤水分的消耗量随着刈割利用强度的增加而减小,封育沙地0~80cm各层的土壤含水量总体上具有随刈割利用强度的增加而增大的变化趋势;在3-7月份沙地土壤水分逐步降低的过程中,全刈割处理、半刈割处理与对照间土壤水分含量的差异较大,而在7-9月份沙地土壤水分逐步回升的过程中,不同利用处理间土壤水分含量的差异则显著减小;不同利用强度下封育沙地土壤水分随深度增加均表现为先增加后降低的变化趋势,在0~30cm土壤层,离地表越近,土壤含水量越低,而在30~70cm土壤层,则表现为随深度增加而快速下降的趋势。不同强度的刈割处理与对照间各深度层的土壤含水量差异大多都表现为:全刈割处理﹥半刈割处理﹥不刈割处理。表明刈割利用对封育沙地土壤水分生态具有一定的调节改善作用。 相似文献
192.
魏国印 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2001,(1)
地球的碳循环已成为全球气候变化的一个热点,陆地植被是地球破循环中的一个重要贮存库。本文在分析秦皇岛市陆地植被状况的基础上,对CO_2排放量和吸收量进行了估算,结果表明,陆地植被吸收CO_2的数量占排放量的79%。结合秦皇岛市的实际,提出有利于大气碳平衡的对策。 相似文献
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194.
David Brandes Bradford P Wilcox 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2000,36(5):965-974
ABSTRACT: Detailed measurements of soil moisture and ET in semiarid forest environments have not been widely reported in the literature. In this study, soil moisture and water balance components were measured over a four‐year period on a semiarid ponderosa pine hillslope, with evapotranspiration (ET) determined as the residual of measured precipitation, runoff, and change in soil moisture storage. ET accounts for approximately 95 percent of the water budget and has a distinctly bimodal annual pattern, with peaks occurring after spring snowmelt and during the late summer monsoon season, periods that coincide with high soil moisture. Weekly growing season ET rates determined by the hillslope water balance are found to be invariably below calculated potential rates. Normalized ET rates are linearly correlated (r2= 0.62) with soil moisture; therefore, a simple linear relation is proposed. Growing season soil moisture dynamics were modeled based on this relation. Results are in fair agreement (r2= 0.63) with the observed soil moisture data over the four growing seasons; however, for two dry summers with little surface runoff, much better results (r2 > 0.90) were obtained. 相似文献
195.
Reginald Blake Reza Khanbilvardi Cynthia Rosenzweig 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2000,36(2):279-292
ABSTRACT: It has been well established that the greenhouse gas loading of the atmosphere has been increasing since the mid 19th century. Consequently, shifts in the earth's radiative balance are expected with accompanying alterations to the earth's climate. With these anticipated, and perhaps already observable, changes in both global and regional climate, managers of regional water resources seek insight to the possible impacts climate change may have on their present and future water supplies. The types and degrees of impacts that climate change may have on New York City's water supply system were assessed in a study of a watershed at Allaben, New York. Hypothetical scenarios of future climate and climate change projections from three General Circulation Models (GCMs) were used in conjunction with the WatBal hydrological model and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) to ascertain how runoff and soil moisture from this watershed may change in a warmer climate. For the worst case predictions, the results indicate that within the century of the 2000s, the watershed's air temperature may increase up to about 11°F, while its precipitation and runoff may decrease by about 13 and 30 percent, respectively. If this watershed is typical of the others within the New York City water supply system, the system's managers should consider implementing mitigation and adaptation strategies in preparation for the worst of these possible future conditions. 相似文献
196.
Sophie Grima Véronique Bellon-Maurel Pierre Feuilloley Françoise Silvestre 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2000,8(4):183-195
During the last few years, biodegradable polymers have been developed to replace petrochemical polymers. Until now, research devoted to these polymers essentially focused on their biodegradability. There is now a need to bear out their nontoxicity. To verify this, the biodegradation must be carried out in accelerated laboratory tests which allow the metabolites and residues to be recovered. To reproduce the natural conditions (compost, field) as closely as possible, degradation experiments must be run on solid-state substrates. We review studies of aerobic degradation in solid-state substrates. This article focuses in particular on the environmental, physical, and chemical parameters (such as substrate nature, moisture, temperature, C/N ratio, and pH) that influence biodegradation kinetics. This study also aims at finding the solid substrate most adapted to residues and metabolite recovery. The most significant parameters would appear to be the substrate type, moisture content, and temperature. Inert substrates such as vermiculite are well suited to residue extraction. This review also opens the field to new research aimed at optimizing conditions for aerobic solid-state biodegradation and at recovering the metabolites and residues of this degradation process. 相似文献
197.
Slope,aspect and climate: Spatially explicit and implicit models of topographic microclimate in chalk grassland 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Jonathan Bennie Brian Huntley Andrew Wiltshire Mark O. Hill Robert Baxter 《Ecological modelling》2008
The slope and aspect of a vegetated surface strongly affects the amount of solar radiation intercepted by that surface. Solar radiation is the dominant component of the surface energy balance and influences ecologically critical factors of microclimate, including near-surface temperatures, evaporative demand and soil moisture content. It also determines the exposure of vegetation to photosynthetically active and ultra-violet wavelengths. Spatial variation in slope and aspect is therefore a key determinant of vegetation pattern, species distribution and ecosystem processes in many environments. Slope and aspect angle may vary considerably over distances of a few metres, and fine-scale species’ distribution patterns frequently follow these topographic patterns. The availability of suitable microclimate at such scales may be critical for the response of species distributions to climatic change at much larger spatial scales. However, quantifying the relevant microclimatic gradients is not straightforward, as the potential variation in solar radiation flux under clear-sky conditions is modified by local and regional variations in cloud cover, and interacts with long-wave radiation exchange, local meteorology and surface characteristics. 相似文献
198.
面向生态城市的水资源供需平衡分析 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
提出了面向生态城市的水资源供需平衡分析原则,强调了水质水量的统一性,人与自然的和谐性,生态环境需水的优先性.在此基础上,建立了面向生态城市的水资源供需平衡分析概念框架,并对供需平衡的基本内涵进行了界定.以广州为例,进行了实证研究.结果表明,生态环境需水对供需平衡状态影响显著,2000年花都区与中心区非汛期分别缺水0.91,4.86亿m3/月;基本控制方案下,各目标年(2005,2010,2020年)全市非汛期缺水量将分别高达19.74,41.78,77.62亿m3/月;实施以污染负荷控制和节水为主导的综合强化方案才能保证供需平衡. 相似文献
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200.