Nutrients in soil solution following selective logging of a humid tropical ‘terra firme’ forest north of Manaus,Brazil

Sustainable use of the Amazon forest for timber production is conditioned by the effect of logging on the system's nutrient cycling. This paper reports the results of a soil moisture and soil water chemistry monitoring campaign before and immediately after a selective logging which removed 35 m³ wood/ha. Soil moisture was measured using tensiometers, and soil water chemistry using suction samplers in five disturbance classes: tractor tracks, clearing centres, clearing edges, forest edges and untouched forest. The results show that the soil under the tractor tracks and clearings contained more moisture than under the untouched forest. The suction samplers extracted substantially more nitrate, ammonium, calcium, magnesium and potassium from the clearing centres, the tractor tracks and the clearing edges than from the forest sites. The results are explained in terms of altered microbial activity, changes in crown interception and uptake by roots.     

伊通地堑天然气地球化学特征与运移效应

伊通地堑大部分地区只发现油藏 ,天然气藏发现较少 ,借助最新分析资料 ,同时结合前人研究成果 ,对该地区天然气地球化学特征、运移效应进行了分析 ,以明确天然气的成因和运移方向 ,研究表明 ,伊通地堑的天然气主要为原油伴生气 ,重烃含量高 ,除莫里青地区的伊 2 3井和伊 14井双阳组一段和伊 2 1井永吉组二段为干气外 ,其他地区天然气均为湿气。伊通地堑天然气并非典型的油型气 ,也不是典型的煤型气 ,而是与其特定的母质类型有关。莫里青地区的天然气主要与凹陷深部的烃源岩亲缘关系密切。向东南方向 ,天然气发生明显的运移分异作用。     

江苏土包山金铁矿床及其成矿机制

土包山金铁矿床产于石英闪长玢岩火山—侵入体裂隙中的矽卡岩内,与岩浆同化混染和分异作用所形成的贯入型矽卡岩有关,其成岩温度380℃—515℃,磁铁矿成矿温度300℃—380℃,硫化物和自然金的形成温度200℃—310℃,碳、硫、氢、氧同位素资料说明,成矿物质主要来源于地壳深部的岩浆,而成矿溶液主要为岩浆水。     

锡林河流域Cyanobacteria群落空间分化及其与环境因子的关系

为阐明蓝细菌（Cyanobacteria）群落的空间分化及其与环境因子的关系,本研究采集了锡林河流域河床中心湍流区、河床边缘缓流区、牛轭湖滞流区、低河漫滩、高河漫滩、阶地羊草及大针茅草原样带等28个沉积物/土壤样品进行细菌16S rRNA基因高通量测序及生物信息学分析.结果显示,Cyanobacteria群落存在明显的空间分化特征并能对环境因子做出敏感响应.Leptolyngbya和Phormidium等关联的5个种群主要分布在高氨中盐相对中富营养的缓滞流区,其丰度与氨态氮、总有机碳等存在正相关关系,推测与水华形成有关;Caenarcaniphilales关联的种群分布在低氨低盐相对寡营养的湍流区,其丰度仅与砂粒存在正相关关系,推测与固氮作用有关;ML635J-21关联的种群分布在中氨高盐相对全营养的高河漫滩及阶地土壤中,其丰度与粉黏粒及盐度等存在正相关关系,可能与生物土壤结皮形成过程有关.变异权重分析显示,氨态氮、盐度、总有机碳分别解释了Cyanobacteria群落空间分化的51.1%、23.9%、15.1%,说明这些环境因子的变化与Cyanobacteria群落的空间分化密切相关.研究结果可为锡林河流域草原牧区生态安全评价和生物多样性可持续管理提供科学依据.     

Fe-絮凝降阻法处理后的印染污泥燃烧特性

为明确印染污泥焚烧特性,提高其处理效率.以Fe-絮凝降阻法深度处理的印染污泥为研究对象,通过TG-DTG热重曲线法研究不同干燥时间（1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5和4.0 h）对深度处理的印染污泥燃烧特性的影响,并对深度处理的印染污泥燃烧过程的动力学和失重速率进行拟合.结果表明:不同干燥时间下,深度处理的印染污泥的焚烧过程均可分为4个阶段,阶段1为水蒸发阶段（15.9~106.9℃）,阶段2为低沸点有机物析出阶段（106.9~235.5℃）,阶段3为挥发分的析出和燃烧阶段（235.5~479.0℃）,阶段4为难挥发物质和碳酸盐分解阶段（479.0~852.2℃）,污泥最大失重率均在410.0℃左右,最大失重均出现在阶段3.最佳干燥时间为2.0 h（含水率为3.60%）,该条件下深度处理的印染污泥在阶段3失重峰值前、后分别为0.5级和2级反应,活化能分别为7.227和87.040 kJ/mol.失重峰值前、后的失重速率方程分别为y=9.003 18-0.099 68x（R2=0.998 1）和y=5.576+2.105/{1+exp[（x-18.076）/1.349]}（R2=0.997 8）.研究显示,深度处理的印染污泥主要在第3阶段燃烧,所得失重速率方程与其第3阶段燃烧的失重速率数据较好吻合.      

垃圾热干化效率及臭气排放特性研究

研究讨论了垃圾的热干化效率和不同烘干温度下的臭气排放特征。在相同温度下,采用烘干时翻动的工艺,垃圾含水率降低最多。垃圾在600℃时排放的恶臭气体总量最多,在500℃以下烘干时,排放的恶臭气体总量较少。垃圾热干化的臭气浓度以700℃最高,其次分别是200,600,800℃。从工程应用来说,综合考虑臭气总量与臭气浓度,垃圾热干化的温度应以100,300,400,500℃为宜。     

Navigating uneven terrain: The roles of political skill and LMX differentiation in prediction of work relationship quality and work outcomes

Drawing from social/political influence, leader–member exchange (LMX), and social comparison theories, the present two‐study investigation examines three levels of LMX differentiation (i.e., individual‐level, meso‐level, and group‐level LMX differentiation) and further tests a model of the joint effects of political skill and LMX differentiation on LMX, relative LMX, and employee work outcomes. In Study 1, we used data from 231 employees and found support for the interactive effect of political skill and individual perceptions of LMX differentiation on LMX quality. We also found partial support for the moderating role of individual‐level LMX differentiation on the indirect effects of political skill on self‐rated task performance and job satisfaction via LMX. In Study 2, we used data from 185 supervisor–subordinate dyads and examined both meso‐level and group‐level LMX differentiation via a multilevel moderated mediation model. Results supported the moderating role of group‐level LMX differentiation and group mean LMX on the indirect effects of political skill on supervisor‐rated task performance and contextual performance/citizenship behavior as well as job satisfaction via relative LMX. Overall, the results suggest that politically skilled employees reap the benefits of LMX differentiation, as they enjoy higher absolute LMX and relative (i.e., to their peers) LMX quality. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低温低湿条件下污泥干燥动力学特性研究

为了研究污泥在低温低湿条件下的干燥规律,获得表征水分迁移过程的有效水分扩散系数(D_(eff))和活化能(E_a),以脱水污泥为研究对象进行了污泥低温低湿干燥试验,探讨了温度(30℃、35℃、40℃、45℃、50℃)和相对湿度(20%、40%、60%)对污泥水分比(MR)和干燥速率(DR)的影响。结果表明,污泥的低温低湿干燥过程属于内部迁移控制,即水分扩散速率决定干燥速率。根据试验数据建立了污泥水分迁移动力学模型,并与6种常用薄层干燥模型进行拟合,通过对决定系数(R~2)、方差(χ~2)和残差平方和(RSS)的比较,得出污泥低温低湿干燥过程可以用Page模型来描述。结合Fick第二定律,得到不同温度(30~50℃)、湿度(20%~60%)条件下污泥有效水分扩散系数的范围为(0.699~1.991)×10~(-9)m~2/s;对传统的Arrhenius公式进行湿度修正,获得了干燥介质温度和湿度对污泥干燥特性影响的数学模型及活化能E_a=23.83 k J/mol。     

Effects of different sludge disintegration methods on sludge moisture distribution and dewatering performance

A key step in sludge treatment is sludge dewatering. However, activated sludge is generally very difficult to be dewatered. Sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. Sludge disintegration can destroy the sludge structure and cell wall, so as change the sludge floc structure and moisture distribution, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge. In this article, the disintegration methods were ultrasound treatment, K₂FeO₄ oxidation and KMnO₄ oxidation. The degree of disintegration (DD_COD), sludge moisture distribution and the final water content of sludge cake after centrifuging were measured. Results showed that three disintegration methods were all effective, and K₂FeO₄ oxidation was more efficient than KMnO₄ oxidation. The content of free water increased obviously with K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidations, while it decreased with ultrasound treatment. The changes of free water and interstitial water were in the opposite trend. The content of bounding water decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and increased slightly with KMnO₄ oxidation, while it increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. The water content of sludge cake after centrifuging decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and did not changed with KMnO₄ oxidation, but increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. In summary, ultrasound treatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, while K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidation improved the sludge dewaterability.     

苹果园土壤呼吸的变化及生物和非生物因素的影响

了解果园土壤呼吸变化及其影响因素,有利于深入理解退耕还果条件下黄土高原地区土壤碳源汇功能.在长武农田生态系统国家野外站,以盛产期果园(2000年建成)为对象,利用土壤碳通量测量系统(Li-COR,Lincoln,NE,USA)于2011、2012年监测了果树冠幅下距树干不同距离处土壤呼吸、土壤水分和温度变化,分析了土壤呼吸的时空变化及其影响因素.结果表明:①土壤呼吸速率随着距树干距离延长而降低.与2 m处相比,0.5 m处土壤累积呼吸量2011年提高20%,2012年提高31%;0.5 m和2 m处土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q10)2011年相应依次为1.79和1.56,2012年依次为1.79和1.38.②距树干2 m处温度和水分稍高于0.5 m处,但差异不显著(P>0.05).土壤呼吸与土壤温度均呈显著的指数关系,而与土壤水分的相关性不显著.温度变化可解释土壤呼吸的季节性变化,但并不能解释距离树干不同处的差异.③距离树干不同位置处的根系密度差异是影响果园土壤呼吸空间变化及其温度敏感性的重要生物因素;④冠幅下土壤呼吸的变异系数为23%~31%.估算果园土壤呼吸需考虑其距离树干的空间差异性.