辽河三角洲地区植被的地上净初级生产力格局及其制约因子

植被地上净初级生产力是监测和评价生态系统功能的重要指标之一,也是农业区划和生态资源分区管理的重要依据。通过实地调查,研究了辽河三角洲地区的植被地上净初级生产力的空间分布格局及其制约因子。2008年9月末,在辽河三角洲地区设立79个调查点,调查了植被地上净初级生产力、土壤和水文特征。借助ArcGIS软件制作了植被地上净初级生产力的分层设色等值线图,并利用简单相关分析和无条件主成分分析方法探讨了植被地上净初级生产力与环境因子的关系。结果发现：辽河三角洲地区的植被地上净初级生产力具有内部较低,外围较高的半环形分布格局。在三角洲内部,植被地上净初级生产力一般1 500 g.m-2.a-1左右;外围一般3 000 g.m-2.a-1以上。这种分布格局不仅与植被类型分布有一定的相关性,而且还与海拔高度、土壤含水量、土壤容重和土壤总磷等自然环境因子有明显的相关性。多种证据表明土壤含水量是决定辽河三角洲地区植被地上净初级生产力格局的最直接、最重要的自然环境因子。     

Development of a framework for fire risk assessment using remote sensing and geographic information system technologies

Forest fires play a critical role in landscape transformation, vegetation succession, soil degradation and air quality. Improvements in fire risk estimation are vital to reduce the negative impacts of fire, either by lessen burn severity or intensity through fuel management, or by aiding the natural vegetation recovery using post-fire treatments. This paper presents the methods to generate the input variables and the risk integration developed within the Firemap project (funded under the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology) to map wildland fire risk for several regions of Spain. After defining the conceptual scheme for fire risk assessment, the paper describes the methods used to generate the risk parameters, and presents proposals for their integration into synthetic risk indices. The generation of the input variables was based on an extensive use of geographic information system and remote sensing technologies, since the project was intended to provide a spatial and temporal assessment of risk conditions. All variables were mapped at 1 km² spatial resolution, and were integrated into a web-mapping service system. This service was active in the summer of 2007 for semi-operational testing of end-users. The paper also presents the first validation results of the danger index, by comparing temporal trends of different danger components and fire occurrence in the different study regions.     

IMPACTS OF SURFACE DRAINAGE ON GROUND WATER HYDRAULICS1

ABSTRACT: The current dredge and fill practices in locating canals along the periphery of wetlands in south Florida are transforming natural basins that originally had primarily slower subsurface drainage to ones that discharge larger quantities of water faster, via a surface drainage system. The objective of this paper is to develop an analytical technique and a numerical model in quantifying the difference of surface and subsurface runoff before and after the construction of drainage canals, and for delineating the effects of drains on channel level and regional water tables in adjacent areas in south Florida. The surface runoff model is formulated on the climatic water balance technique, and the ground water model is treated as a one dimensional transient phenomenon that forms a nonlinear flow problem. Analytical solutions are derived through problem linearization. These two models are coupled to estimate the impact of drainage canals on the adjacent water table drawdown.     

USE OF SOIL MOISTURE PROBES TO ESTIMATE GROUND WATER RECHARGE AT AN OIL SPILL SITE1

Soil moisture data collected using an automated data logging system were used to estimate ground water recharge at a crude oil spill research site near Bemidji, Minnesota. Three different soil moisture probes were tested in the laboratory as well as the field conditions of limited power supply and extreme weather typical of northern Minnesota: a self‐contained reflectometer probe, and two time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes, 30 and 50 cm long. Recharge was estimated using an unsaturated zone water balance method. Recharge estimates for 1999 using the laboratory calibrations were 13 to 30 percent greater than estimates based on the factory calibrations. Recharge indicated by the self‐contained probes was 170 percent to 210 percent greater than the estimates for the TDR probes regardless of calibration method. Results indicate that the anomalously large recharge estimates for the self‐contained probes are not the result of inaccurate measurements of volumetric moisture content, but result from the presence of crude oil, or borehole leakage. Of the probes tested, the 50 cm long TDR probe yielded recharge estimates that compared most favorably to estimates based on a method utilizing water table fluctuations. Recharge rates for this probe represented 24 to 27 percent of 1999 precipitation. Recharge based on the 30 cm long horizontal TDR probes was 29 to 37 percent of 1999 precipitation. By comparison, recharge based on the water table fluctuation method represented about 29 percent of precipitation.     

ESTIMATION OF SOIL MOISTURE FROM SEASAT SAR DATA1

ABSTRACT A study was made to determine if Seasat Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data could be used to make practical estimates of soil moisture. Extensive ground measurements were collected at two primary sites near Guymon, Oklahoma, and Sublette, Kansas. The relative sensitivity of the SAR to differences in soil moisture, tillage roughness, and vegetation was determined. To validate the effects detected in the SAR data, an airborne scatterometer with a similar wavelength was flown repeatedly over the Guymon site. Soil moisture variations in the surface 2 cm and surface 15 cm of fields with bare soil, milo and alfalfa produce similar responses in the scattering coefficient from both systems. Roughness due to tillage in row crops produced as much as 12–15 dB increase in the scatterometer return. Most agricultural vegetation was effectively penetrated by the L-band frequencies; however, corn produced an exceptionally high radar return either standing or after combine harvesting. When corn had ripened, there was some evidence that tillage roughness could be detected through the canopy. Moderate tillage roughness produced by grain drill furrows caused over 12 dB increase in return when row directions changed from parallel to perpendicular with respect to the SAR look direction. Dramatic increases in return occurred when vegetation surfaces were wet. Increased radar returns from tillage roughness, some vegetation and wet vegetation surfaces, all dyanmic in nature, were significant and may limit the practical estimation of soil moisture from the radar data.     

重点行业差别化环境准入政策路径研究

“三线一单”即生态保护红线、环境质量底线、资源利用上线和环境准入负面清单,是以改善环境质量为目标,积极落实生态文明体制改革要求,深化环评制度改革的一项重点工作。本文根据“三线一单”的分区管控体系,以重点管控单元和一般管控单元为基础,结合行业发展特征、管控单元突出环境问题,以问题为导向,以环境质量改善为目标,制定了重点行业差别化环境准入政策研究路径,开展了四川省白酒行业污染物排放管控差别化环境准入政策制定案例分析,并从前期会商、强化保障、动态完善、深入研究四个方面提出政策实施和完善的建议。     

Impact of climate change on soil moisture dynamics in Brandenburg with a focus on nature conservation areas

Global warming impacts the water cycle not only by changing regional precipitation levels and temporal variability, but also by affecting water flows and soil moisture dynamics. In Brandenburg, increasing average annual temperature and decreasing precipitation in summer have already been observed. For this study, past trends and future effects of climate change on soil moisture dynamics in Brandenburg were investigated, considering regional and specific spatial impacts. Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) were focused on in particular. A decreasing trend in soil water content was shown for the past by analyzing simulation results from 1951 to 2003 using the integrated ecohydrological model SWIM [Krysanova, V., Müller-Wohlfeil, D.-I., Becker, A., 1998. Development and test of a spatially distributed hydrological/water quality model for mesoscale watersheds. Ecol. Model. 106, 261–289]. The trend was statistically significant for some areas, but not for the entire region. Simulated soil water content was particularly low in the extremely dry year 2003. Comparisons of simulated trends in soil moisture dynamics with trends in the average annual Palmer Drought Severity Index for the region showed largely congruent patterns, though the modeled soil moisture trends are characterized by a much higher spatial resolution. Regionally downscaled climate change projections representing the range between wetter and drier realizations were used to evaluate future trends of available soil water. A further decrease of average available soil water ranging from −4% to −15% was projected for all climate realizations up to the middle of the 21st century. An average decrease of more than 25 mm was simulated for 34% of the total area in the dry realization. Available soil water contents in SACs were generally higher and trends in soil moisture dynamics were lower mainly due to their favorable edaphic conditions. Stronger absolute and relative changes in the simulated trends for the past and future were shown for SACs within Brandenburg than for the state as a whole, indicating a high level of risk for many wetland areas. Nonetheless, soil water content in SACs is expected to remain higher than average under climate change conditions as well, and SACs therefore have an important buffer function under the projected climate change. They are thus essential for local climate and water regulation and their status as protected areas in Brandenburg should be preserved.     

Geno- and Phenogeographic Analysis of Pinus sylvestris L. Populations along the Transect Extending from the Northern to Southern Boundary of the Species Range

Nei's genetic distances (Nei, 1972, 1978) between 12 Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations were determined using isozyme analysis. The gradients of these distances along the 1500-km meridional transect in the Transural Region and Northern Turgai from the pre-forest-tundra subzone (the Synya River basin) to the southern steppe (the Naurzumskii forest) were calculated. We discovered that the genetic distance gradients (GDGs) progressively increase in the direction from the northern boundary of the range to the southern boundary of the forest-steppe zone and sharply increase in the insular forests growing in the steppe zone. The results of cluster analysis and Mahalanobis distance gradients with respect to a set of morphological characters of the cones provide evidence that Scotch pine populations of the forest zone share somewhat the same gene pool, whereas the group of Scotch pine populations in the insular forests of Northern Turgai is obviously differentiated phenogenetically from the insular forests of the Tobol region, which grow farther to the north.     

长江中游城市群城市效率水平测度及空间分异研究

运用超效率DEA模型对2013年长江中游城市群城市效率进行测度评价。结果发现:长沙、天门、常德、黄冈、南昌、景德镇、武汉、娄底、新余、衡阳、仙桃、鄂州、潜江和九江为城市效率相对高水平区;抚州、湘潭、鹰潭、上饶、岳阳、黄石、荆州和株洲为城市效率相对较高水平区;萍乡、宜春、益阳、吉安、咸宁、孝感、襄阳、宜昌和荆门为城市效率相对低水平区。在此基础上,分析长江中游城市群城市效率的空间分异特征,发现长江中游城市群城市效率发展水平相似的地区在空间分布上呈现出一定的异质性特征,但并不显著。