典型异味源的感官特性及特征污染物筛选

为研究不同异味源的感官特性以及不同行业特征污染物的排放差异,以卷烟厂、烘培坊、烤漆厂为研究对象,采用愉悦度9级度量法,测定源样品不同稀释倍数（5~6个浓度梯度）下的愉悦度等级,绘制3种典型异味源愉悦度-臭气浓度指数特征曲线,并进行回归分析,同时筛选出3个典型异味源的特征污染物（烤漆厂的特征污染物为乙酸乙酯、对二乙苯、乙苯、间二甲苯、乙酸丁酯,卷烟厂为乙醇、萘、2-丁酮、柠檬烯、丙烷,烘培坊为乙醇、柠檬烯、α-蒎烯、甲苯、丙酮）,并建立了异味评价干扰潜力的数学模型.结果表明:3种典型异味源的愉悦度与臭气浓度指数之间的关系均符合二次多项式模型,卷烟厂和烤漆厂异味源的愉悦度均为负值,并且厌恶程度随臭气浓度的增大而增强;而烘焙坊异味源的愉悦度为正值.当愉悦度等级为-2时,卷烟厂和烤漆厂对应的臭气浓度分别为30和26.干扰潜力的强弱是由臭气浓度和愉悦度2个因素直接决定的,烤漆厂的干扰潜力为-14.48,卷烟厂为-14.17,烘培坊为11.77.研究显示,愉悦度与臭气浓度指数间量化关系模型以及异味源干扰潜力评估模型的建立,可为异味源的分类分级以及异味源环境影响标准的制订提供科学依据.      

黄土高原草地土壤水分和物种多样性沿降水梯度的分布格局

研究土壤水分、生物多样性的空间变异性是认识陆地生态系统对降水变化的响应特征及适应机制的有效途径。论文利用黄土高原自东南向西北的天然降水梯度,采用样带研究方法对47个草地0~3 m土壤水分和物种多样性进行测定,系统分析了草地土壤水分和植物物种多样性在降水梯度上（250~550 mm）的空间分异及二者之间的权衡关系。结果表明：降水自东南向西北递减是控制黄土高原草地0~3 m土壤水分和物种多样性空间异质性的关键因素。随降雨减少,土壤水分呈线性递减趋势,其中浅层土壤水分（0~1 m）与年降水量相关系数最大。物种丰富度指数和物种多样性指数随降水减少呈显著的线性递减趋势,物种均匀度指数在降水梯度上没有明显变化。370 mm年均降水量是物种多样性和土壤水分权衡关系的转折点,转折点以上二者存在协同关系,即土壤水分和物种多样性沿降水梯度以相同速率变化。370 mm年均降水量以下,物种多样性和土壤水分的权衡增大,意味着维持物种多样性以消耗土壤水分为代价。     

Observation and analysis of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in a typical petrochemical area in Yangtze River Delta, China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a kind of important precursors for ozone photochemical formation. In this study, VOCs were measured from November 5th, 2013 to January 6th, 2014 at the Second Jinshan Industrial Area, Shanghai, China. The results showed that the measured VOCs were dominated by alkanes (41.8%), followed by aromatics (20.1%), alkenes (17.9%), and halo-hydrocarbons (12.5%). The daily trend of the VOC concentration showed a bimodal feature due to the rush-hour traffic in the morning and at nightfall. Based on the VOC concentration, a receptor model of Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) coupled with the information related to VOC sources was applied to identify the major VOC emissions. The result showed five major VOC sources: solvent use and industrial processes were responsible for about 30% of the ambient VOCs, followed by rubber chemical industrial emissions (23%), refinery and petrochemical industrial emissions (21%), fuel evaporations (13%) and vehicular emissions (13%). The contribution of generalized industrial emissions was about 74% and significantly higher than that made by vehicle exhaust. Using a propylene-equivalent method, alkenes displayed the highest concentration, followed by aromatics and alkanes. Based on a maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method, the average hourly ozone formation potential (OFP) of VOCs is 220.49?ppbv. The most significant source for ozone chemical formation was identified to be rubber chemical industrial emissions, following one by vehicular emission. The data shown herein may provide useful information to develop effective VOC pollution control strategies in industrialized area.     

深圳城市大气中非甲烷烃季节变化特征

应用GCMS-QP2010对深圳2015~2016年4个季节大气56种非甲烷碳氢化合物（NMHCs）进行在线监测分析.从成分来看,四季总NMHCs平均浓度为23.6×10^-9,呈现出冬季 > 秋季 > 夏季≈春季的变化特征,其中烷烃比例最高（65.4%~74.7%）,其次是芳香烃（13.3%~21.7%）和烯烃（7.1%~11.6%）,丙烷、甲苯、乙烷、正己烷、正丁烷、乙炔、2-甲基戊烷、异丁烷、乙烯和3-甲基戊烷是浓度最高的10个物种.相关性和日变化分析表明,深圳大气中NMHCs受到机动车、溶剂挥发相关工业源以及植物释放等多重来源的共同影响,其中甲苯、2-甲基戊烷、3-甲基戊烷和正己烷受工业源影响最为显著,而异戊二烯主要来自于天然源.     

高吸湿性树脂材料的研究进展

高吸湿性树脂材料是一种具有优异的吸湿、保湿性能的功能高分子材料,可以适用于不同吸湿需求的场合。综述了高吸湿性树脂材料的主要类型、研究状况及其存在的不足,探讨了高吸湿性树脂材料的吸湿机理,展望了高吸湿性树脂材料的发展和应用前景。     

Atmospheric lead pollution in fine particulate matter in Shanghai, China

The Pb-monitoring program was extended for 6 years from 2002 to 2007 at 17 representative urban sites (6 traffic, 5 industrial, and 6 residential sites), and 3 suburban sites to assess the lead pollution in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) after phasing out leaded gasoline in Shanghai. Compared with Pb levels reported in other places, the Pb pollution in Shanghai is still serious after phasing out leaded gasoline, which remains at high concentration range (213–176 ng/m3) in PM2.5 in winter. Significant spati...     

污染源在线监测系统（CEMS）的验收比对监测

随着节能减排的开展,各重点污染源企业,特别是SO2等标排放负荷较大的热电、钢铁等使用燃煤锅炉的企业,都按照环保局的要求安装了污染源在线监测系统CEMS。CEMS数据的可靠性、正确性、稳定性对于污染减排有着决定性作用,CEMS已成为一种最有效的定量和监控管理手段。本文介绍了CEMS系统的组成及功能,以及验收监测比对法规依据,并根据《固定污染源烟气排放连续监测技术规范》（HJ／T75—2007）（试行）和《固定污染源烟气排放连续监测系统技术要求及检测方法》（HJ／T75—2007）（试行）验收监测比对指标,简要说明了验收比对的方法并分析了在实际监测中遇到的问题,提出了需要注意的事项。     

福建省城市生活饮用水源地水质状况及保护措施

以2003年-2008年饮用水源地水质监测数据为基础,对福建省城市生活饮用水源地水质进行评价及趋势分析。评价结果表明：福建省城市生活饮用水源地水质总体较好,水质逐年改善,冬半年水质优于夏半年,湖库型水源地未出现水质富营养化现象;不同水体类型水源地中,地下水型水源地水质最好,河流型水源地次之,湖库型水源地水质较差。本文针对福建省城市生活饮用水源地水质状况及存在的安全问题,提出了相应的饮用水源地保护措施,为领导决策部门提供一定的理论依据。     

北京北部水系沉积物中重金属的研究

主要研究了北京市北部水系沉积物中重金属(As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti和Zn)含量和来源.在潮白河及密云水库流域采集了17个沉积物样品,温榆河流域采集了5个样品,重金属含量As和Hg采用原子荧光光谱法测定,Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti和Zn含量用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定.研究结果表明,沉积物中重金属元素没有出现明显的富集状况,只有Hg、Cd、Cr和Zn在一些采样点有较高的富集.相关性分析表明Hg、Cd、Zn和Cu互相之间呈显著正相关(r0.06;p0.01),而Hg与Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb和Ti没有明显的相关性.通过主成分分析研究重金属的来源,发现前3个主成分贡献率分别为38%、23%和17%.因此,Hg、Cd、Zn和Cu作为第一主成分被认为与人类活动的工矿业开采有关,第二主成分As和Mn与人类活动的农业生产和生活污水排放有关,第三主成分Cr、Ni和Ti与岩石风化和土壤侵蚀有关.     

Multiple linear regression models of urban runoff pollutant load and event mean concentration considering rainfall variables

Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-off pollutant concentrations from non-point sources (NPSs). Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall, catchment area and runoff coefficient. In this study, runoff quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression (MLR) to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables. The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads. Overall, the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs; perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models.