Predicting Satisfaction with Smart Irrigation Controllers and Their Long‐Term Use among Homeowners in Central Florida

Studies throughout Florida have shown smart controllers can substantially reduce irrigation under residential high‐water use conditions. However, successful promotion requires understanding the link between controller performance and the mechanisms by which they are adopted. This article compares irrigation water‐use and survey data collected from households installed with soil moisture sensor and evapotranspiration controllers. The study investigated whether the relative change in irrigation use between two years preceding and two years following installation was a reliable predictor of a homeowner's satisfaction with the device and likelihood of continuing to use it. Results indicated relative changes in irrigation use were only significantly associated with the quality of controller programming. Satisfaction with the controller was largely attributable to satisfaction with the appearance of the landscape and the perceived water‐saving effectiveness of the controller whereas the likelihood of its continued use was only significantly predicted by the level of technical knowledge regarding its functioning and whether or not challenges were experienced with it. Targeting homeowners with supplemental user‐friendly information may best support their long‐term adoption of smart controllers while providing irrigation contractors with training in implementation techniques would represent an integrated strategy for added reductions in residential outdoor water use.     

Importance of Sediment–Water Interactions in Coeur d’Alene Lake,Idaho, USA: Management Implications

A field study at Coeur dAlene Lake, Idaho, USA, was conducted between October 1998 and August 2001 to examine the potential importance of sediment–water interactions on contaminant transport and to provide the first direct measurements of the benthic flux of dissolved solutes of environmental concern in this lake. Because of potential ecological effects, dissolved zinc and orthophosphate were the solutes of primary interest. Results from deployments of an in situ flux chamber indicated that benthic fluxes of dissolved Zn and orthophosphate were comparable in magnitude to riverine inputs. Tracer analyses and benthic-community metrics provided evidence that solute benthic flux were diffusion-controlled at the flux-chamber deployment sites. That is, effects of biomixing (or bioturbation) and ground-water interactions did not strongly influence benthic flux. Remediation efforts in the river might not produce desired water-quality effects in the lake because imposed shifts in concentration gradients near the sediment–water interface would generate a benthic feedback response. Therefore, development of water-quality models to justify remediation strategies requires consideration of contaminant flux between the water column and underlying sediment in basins that have been affected by long-term (decadal) anthropogenic activities.     

新疆能源消费领域节能潜力分析

以2005年为基准年,根据统计数据和发展目标分析了“十一五”期间新疆能源消费领域的节能潜力.结果显示,新疆万元GDP、万元工业增加值能耗均远高于全国水平,能源消费领域节能潜力为4 557.33×10^4t标准煤;石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业,石油和天然气开采业,电力、热力的生产和供应业,黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业,非金属矿物制品业,建筑节能,化学原料及化学制品制造业是新疆节能潜力较大的领域,且节能潜力依次减小,总节能潜力达3 348.48×10^4t标准煤;上述这些行业和领域内能耗均较高,建筑节能在节约资源的同时减少城市大气污染,是节能的优先领域.     

西洋河流域污染的特征研究

随着卢龙县工业及畜牧业的发展及人口的增加,西洋河水域污染日益严重,水质功能已达到Ⅳ类,生态环境遭到严重的破坏。西洋河流域地表污染源主要有工业企业废水、畜禽养殖污水、甘薯淀粉加工废水和农业生产废水等。本文分析了西洋河流域地表水质污染的现状,在严格排查污染源的基础上对其水质特征进行了科学分析。     

石油石化企业温室气体清单编制简析

文章通过简要阐述石油石化企业温室气体清单的编制全过程,确定石油石化企业温室气体排放种类、识别主要温室气体排放源、列举重点生产过程中温室气体排放量的核算方法,为石油石化企业实现温室气体减排和控制工作、为完成国务院规定的到2020年我国单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放强度比2005年下降40%~45%的约束性指标,奠定数据理论基础。     

新疆城市集中饮用水源地水质状况调查评价

随着经济社会的发展和人民生活水平的提高,人们对饮用水水质要求也日益关注,但目前城市饮水中普遍存在着水源不足、水污染、安全保障措施薄弱、应急能力低等诸多问题,加强城市饮用水水源地环境保护已经刻不容缓.对饮用水水源地水质状况调查评价为进一步查清我区城市水源地的水质现状、水源保护区内存在的环境问题以及污染源现状,科学制定饮用水水源地保护和管理对策和保障措施提供依据,并为后续饮用水源地环境保护规划工作奠定基础.     

An Assessment of Oil Pollution in the Coastal Zone of Patagonia,Argentina

The Patagonian coast is considered a relatively pristine environment. However, studies conducted along coastal Patagonia have showed hydrocarbon pollution mostly concentrated at ports that have fishing, oil loading, general merchant, and/or tourist activities. A high value of total aliphatic hydrocarbons (TAH) was found at the Rawson fishing port (741 μg/g dw). In other ports with and without petroleum-related activities, hydrocarbon values were approximately 100 μg/g dw. The highest values for TAH and total aromatic hydrocarbons (TArH) were found in Faro Aristizábal, north of San Jorge gulf (1304 and 737 μg/g dw, respectively). This is very likely the result of petroleum-related activities at the Comodoro Rivadavia, Caleta Cordova, and Caleta Olivia ports located within this gulf. In other coastal areas away from potential anthropogenic sources, hydrocarbon values were less than 2 and 3 μg/g dw for TAH and TArH, respectively. This review of published and unpublished information suggests that ports are important oil pollution sources in the Patagonian coast. More detailed studies are needed to evaluate the area affected by port activities, to understand the mechanisms of hydrocarbon distribution in surrounding environments, and to assess bioaccumulation in marine organisms. Despite that some regulations exist to control oil pollution derived from port and docked vessel activities, new and stricter management guidelines should be implemented.     

2015年石家庄市采暖期一次重污染过程细颗粒物在线来源解析

近年来,我国北方采暖期的大气污染问题备受关注.以2015年11月24日至12月4日石家庄地区一次重污染过程为例,采用大气细颗粒物实时在线源解析技术,对不同时段细颗粒物来源解析结果和各类源粒径分布、重污染期间各类源的质谱特征,结合气象条件进行综合分析.结果表明：重污染期间主要污染物来源为燃煤、工业工艺、机动车尾气和二次无机源;低压、静稳条件和低空传输共同作用下,以燃煤及工业工艺源排放颗粒物为主的细颗粒物严重累积,二次转化加剧,导致此次重污染的发生;来自燃煤源的颗粒物以混合碳为主,工业工艺源以金属为主,机动车尾气源以元素碳和金属锰为主,纯二次无机源以二次无机离子为主,来自扬尘源的颗粒物以铝、钙、铁和硅酸盐为主,生物质燃烧源以左旋葡聚糖LEV为主,餐饮源以有机酸为特征信号;与重污染前后不同,八类源于重污染发生期间在整个粒径段呈现均匀分布状态.     

沙尘天气过程对北京空气质量的影响

利用气象、沙尘暴特种观测以及环境监测等多种资料,对2010年3月19─22日沙尘天气过程的大气结构、沙尘源地和垂直水平输送条件以及北京近地层气象要素、空气质量的变化特征进行了分析. 结果表明:这次强沙尘暴天气过程是由冷空气短波槽快速东移南下、地面冷锋明显发展东移造成的;前期沙尘源地土壤湿度的减小为起沙提供了有利条件,同时低层存在的较强西北气流将从源地卷起的沙尘输送到下游地区;沙尘发生时,20 m气层内风速迅速增大,气层内垂直方向风速梯度也逐渐增大,相对湿度急剧降至20%～30%之间;受这次沙尘天气影响,北京地区ρ(TSP)以及10个区县的ρ(PM10)均迅速增加,空气质量达到重污染.      

北京地区林木、植被排放碳氢化合物的定性监测

为了研究大气中碳氢化合物的天然来源,采用封闭式采样和气相色谱法,对北京的主要树种(杨树、柳树、松树、柏树等)以及草地和稻田(在水稻生长旺期)进行了碳氢化合物的排放情况调查。发现北京的杨树、柳树、槐树(落叶乔木)主要排放异戊二烯化合物;松树、柏树(针叶林木)排放萜烯类化合物;草地和稻田排放甲烷等低碳化合物。以上结果与国外工作结论近似。