浙北地区PM2.5中多环芳烃特征

为了研究浙北地区PM_2.5中多环芳烃（PAHs）的季节性变化和它们的来源,于2014年11月~2015年11月收集了杭州和宁波2个城市中4个采样点的PM_2.5样品,利用气-质联用仪测定了17种PAHs浓度.结果表明,∑PAHs年平均浓度范围为24.1~51.9ng/m³,平均值为（35.5 ±12.3） ng/m³.2~3环PAHs在PM_2.5中的浓度较低（<1ng/m³）,而4~6环PAHs占总PAHs的77.0%.∑PAHs的浓度与PM_2.5呈相似的季节性变化特征,冬季浓度最高而夏季最低.惹烯作为软木燃烧的示踪物,冬季的浓度是夏季的4倍,表明在冬季软木燃烧的排放和对PM_2.5的贡献都有所增加.除了夏季的2个城区站点,其它季节和站点∑PAHs浓度和PM_2.5呈现一定的正相关性.特征PAHs比值显示,浙北地区气溶胶相关的多环芳烃主要来自燃烧和热解排放,如生物质燃烧和煤燃烧,而交通排放和石油挥发源的影响不大.     

Effect of sulfur source on photocatalytic degradation performance of CdS/MoS2 prepared with one-step hydrothermal synthesis

Cd S/Mo S_2,an extremely efficient photocatalyst,has been extensively used in hydrogen photoproduction and pollutant degradation.Cd S/Mo S_2can be synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal process.However,the effect of the sulfur source on the synthesis of Cd S/Mo S_2via one-step hydrothermal methods has seldom been investigated.We report herein a series of one-step hydrothermal preparations of Cd S/Mo S_2using three different sulfur sources:thioacetamide,L-cysteine,and thiourea.The results revealed that the sulfur source strongly affected the crystallization,morphology,elemental composition and ultraviolet(UV)–visible-light-absorption ability of the Cd S/Mo S_2.Among the investigated sulfur sources,thioacetamide provided the highest visible-light absorption ability for Cd S/Mo S_2,with the smallest average particle size and largest surface area,resulting in the highest efficiency in Methylene Blue(MB)degradation.The photocatalytic activity of Cd S/Mo S_2synthesized from the three sulfur sources can be arranged in the following order:thioacetamideL-cysteinethiourea.The reaction rate constants(k)for thioacetamide,L-cysteine,and thiourea were estimated to be 0.0197,0.0140,and 0.0084 min~(-1),respectively.However,thioacetamide may be limited in practical application in terms of its price and toxicity,while L-cysteine is relatively economical,less toxic and exhibited good photocatalytic degradation performance toward MB.     

Characterizing the antibiotic resistance genes in a river catchment: Influence of anthropogenic activities

Previous studies on environmental antibiotics resistance genes(ARGs) have focused on the pollution sources such as wastewater treatment plants, aquaculture and livestock farms,etc. Few of them had addressed this issue in a regional scale such as river catchment. Hence,the occurrence and abundances of 23 ARGs were investigated in surface water samples collected from 38 sites which located from the river source to estuary of the Beijiang River.Among them, 11 ARGs were frequently detected in this region and 5 ARGs(sul I, sul II, tet B,tet C, and tet W) were selected for their distribution pattern analysis. The abundances of the selected ARGs were higher in the upstream(8.70 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA) and downstream areas(3.17 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA) than those in the midstream areas(1.23 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA), which was positively correlated to the population density and number of pollution sources. Pollution sources of ARGs along the Beijiang River not only had a great impact on the abundances and diversity, but also on the distribution of specific ARGs in the water samples. Both sul I and sul II were likely originated from aquaculture farms and animal farms,tet W gene was possibly associated with the mining/metal melting industry and the electric waste disposal and tet C gene was commonly found in the area with multiple pollution sources.However, the abundance of tet B was not particularly related to anthropogenic impacts. These findings highlight the influence of pollution sources and density of population on the distribution and dissemination of ARGs at a regional scale.     

Measurement of minimum ignition energies (MIEs) of dust clouds – History,present, future

Nearly 130 years ago Holtzwart and von Meyer (1891) demonstrated by experiments that explosible dust clouds could be ignited by inductive electric sparks. Then more than half a century passed before the publication of the important quantitative research of Boyle and Llewellyn (1950) and Line et al. (1959). They worked with capacitive electric sparks and found that the minimum capacitor energies ½CU² required for ignition of various dust clouds in air decreased substantially when a large series resistance, in the range 10⁴–10⁷ Ω, was introduced in the discharge circuit. When considering that the net energies of the sparks themselves were only of the order of 10% of the ½CU² discharged, the minimum net spark energies required for ignition with a large series resistance were only a few per cent of the net energies required without such a resistance.Line et al. observed that the essential effect of increasing the series resistance, and hence increasing the discharge time of the sparks, was to reduce the disturbance of the dust cloud by the blast wave from the spark. This phenomenon was explored further by Eckhoff (1970, 2017), and subsequently by some simple experiments by Eckhoff and Enstad (1976). Franke (1974, 1977) and Laar (1980) confirmed the additional finding of Line et al. (1959) that the minimum ½CU² for ignition is also substantially reduced by including a series inductance in the discharge circuit, rather than a series resistance. The basic reason is the same as with a large series resistance, viz. increased spark discharge time and hence decreased disturbance of the dust cloud by blast wave from the spark. For this reason inclusion of an appreciable series inductance in the spark discharge circuit is an essential element in current standard MIE test methods.In experiments with spark ignition of transient dust clouds produced by a blast of air in a closed vessel, it is necessary to synchronize the occurrence of the spark with the formation of the dust cloud. The precision required from this type of synchronization is typically of the order of 10 ms, which can be obtained even by mechanical arrangements, such as rapid change of spark gap length, or of the distance between two capacitor plates. The present paper reviews some methods that have been/are being used for achieving adequate synchronization of dust cloud appearance and spark discharge. Some current standard experimental methods for determining MIEs of dust clouds experimentally have also been reviewed. The same applies to some theories of electric-spark ignition of dust clouds.At the end of paper some suggestions for possible future modifications of current standard methods for measuring MIEs of explosible dust clouds are presented. With regard to justifying significant modifications of existing standard methods, the “bottom line” is, as quite often in many connections, that any modifications should be based on realistic cost/benefit evaluations.     

垃圾热干化效率及臭气排放特性研究

研究讨论了垃圾的热干化效率和不同烘干温度下的臭气排放特征。在相同温度下,采用烘干时翻动的工艺,垃圾含水率降低最多。垃圾在600℃时排放的恶臭气体总量最多,在500℃以下烘干时,排放的恶臭气体总量较少。垃圾热干化的臭气浓度以700℃最高,其次分别是200,600,800℃。从工程应用来说,综合考虑臭气总量与臭气浓度,垃圾热干化的温度应以100,300,400,500℃为宜。     

以可生物降解固体为碳源的城市污水厂尾水反硝化脱氮研究

针对城市污水厂尾水氮排放不达标的现象,提出以可生物降解聚合物作为固体碳源的反硝化生物滤池技术。研究结果表明,尾水中氮的去除率会随水力停留时间(HRT)的延长而增加,HRT≤8 h时,去除率增长速度较快;HRT>8 h时,脱氮效率增长趋于平缓。选用聚羟基丁酸戊酸共聚酯(PHBV)为碳源,HRT为8 h时脱氮效果最佳,连续稳定运行30 d,出水硝态氮的去除率达96.1%~97.4%,出水中总氮浓度达GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类水标准。     

固定源飞灰中PCDD/Fs的时间变化特性分析

对河北省某生活垃圾焚烧厂(固定源)飞灰中二恶英(PCDD/Fs)含量随时间的变化特性进行了分析,并结合美国、欧盟和国内排放标准限值和3种常见垃圾(医疗垃圾、生活垃圾和工业危险废弃物)以及PCDDs/PCDFs比值,分析了焚烧飞灰中PCDD/Fs特征。结果表明:2014年10月—2015年11月PCDD/Fs的TEQ变化范围为0.00322~0.671μg I-TEQ/kg,同时O8CDD(5.020%~34.19%)、2,3,7,8-T4CDF(0.764%~9.696%)和1,2,3,7,8-P5CDF(0.273%~8.575%)均在PCDD/Fs浓度中占据主要贡献率,2,3,4,7,8-P5CDF(12.12%~68.53%)在PCDD/Fs毒性当量中占据主要贡献率,并且均低于美国、欧盟和国内排放标准限值,同时发现PCDDs/PCDFs TEQ比值与焚烧垃圾类型存在一定关系;本研究样品中PCDD/Fs的合成机理符合从头反应的理论。     

滇池流域宝象河水库沉积物中多环芳烃的垂直分布特征及来源解析

采用GC-MS检测了滇池宝象河水库沉积物中16种美国环保署(US EPA)优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并对其垂直分布特征及来源进行分析,以此了解宝象河水库近年来PAHs的变化.结果表明,水库沉积物中16种PAHs均有检出,其含量范围为162.26~762.24ng·g~(-1),平均值为423.30 ng·g~(-1).自底层50 cm至表层,沉积物中PAHs含量呈上升趋势.从多环芳烃环数来看,沉积物中的PAHs以2~3环为主,其含量为128.34~518.81 ng·g~(-1),平均值为279.88 ng·g~(-1),占PAHs总量的42.2%~84.1%,平均值为67.6%.FLA/(FLA+PYR)、Ba A/(Ba A+CHR)和Icd P/(Icd P+Bghi P)3组比值及PAHs各组分的分析结果表明,燃烧过程是沉积物中PAHs的主要来源,主要为煤炭、生物质的燃烧.PAHs含量与总有机碳(TOC)之间有显著正相关关系,TOC影响宝象河水库沉积物中PAHs的分布.     

2013年1月华北地区重霾污染过程SO2和NOx的CMAQ源同化模拟研究

以2006年中国地区的INTEX-B排放清单为基础,采用CMAQ模式污染源同化方法,反演更新了2013年1月重霾污染过程华北地区的SO₂和NO_x排放源;应用WRF-CMAQ模式以及2006年INTEX-B初始排放源和2013年1月改进的排放源,分别模拟了1月9-15日和28-31日两次持续重霾污染过程的SO₂和NO₂浓度,并与华北地区47个环境监测站点实测值进行对比,重点分析了基于初始源和同化反演源的模拟效果及其改进原因;本文亦采用2012年清华大学编制的东亚地区MEIC排放清单评估了SO₂和NO_x同化反演源的合理性.分析结果表明:①CMAQ模式污染源同化方法可适用于重霾污染过程,即采用同化反演源模拟的SO₂、NO₂浓度时空变化特征与实测值较一致,而且可反映SO₂、NO_x排放源强的动态变化特征;②基于同化反演源的SO₂、NO₂浓度模拟效果明显优于2006年INTEX-B排放源,其时间变化趋势与实测值较一致,而且可模拟重霾污染过程SO₂、NO₂浓度的峰值;③采用反演源模拟的SO₂、NO₂浓度空间区分布特征与实测值较一致,而且可较好反映重污染区的极值分布特征;④经污染源同化改进后SO₂、NO₂模拟浓度与实测值的相关系数有所提高,误差明显减小;SO₂的改进效果略优于NO₂,这与污染源对两种污染物浓度的影响差异有关;⑤初始源中SO₂、NO_x排放源的空间分布和强度与2012年清华大学编制的排放源强差异较大,而同化反演源的空间分布和强度均接近于上述2012年排放源,较好反映出重点地区的高污染源分布特征.本文研究结果将为改进重霾污染过程的空气质量预报、减小自下而上建立的排放源清单不确定性、评估SO₂、NO_x等排放源的影响效应以及不同气象条件下区域排放源的动态调控等提供新技术途径和研究思路.     

低温低湿条件下污泥干燥动力学特性研究

为了研究污泥在低温低湿条件下的干燥规律,获得表征水分迁移过程的有效水分扩散系数(D_(eff))和活化能(E_a),以脱水污泥为研究对象进行了污泥低温低湿干燥试验,探讨了温度(30℃、35℃、40℃、45℃、50℃)和相对湿度(20%、40%、60%)对污泥水分比(MR)和干燥速率(DR)的影响。结果表明,污泥的低温低湿干燥过程属于内部迁移控制,即水分扩散速率决定干燥速率。根据试验数据建立了污泥水分迁移动力学模型,并与6种常用薄层干燥模型进行拟合,通过对决定系数(R~2)、方差(χ~2)和残差平方和(RSS)的比较,得出污泥低温低湿干燥过程可以用Page模型来描述。结合Fick第二定律,得到不同温度(30~50℃)、湿度(20%~60%)条件下污泥有效水分扩散系数的范围为(0.699~1.991)×10~(-9)m~2/s;对传统的Arrhenius公式进行湿度修正,获得了干燥介质温度和湿度对污泥干燥特性影响的数学模型及活化能E_a=23.83 k J/mol。