典型冰川退缩区铅的来源、累积及历史沉降——以青藏高原海螺沟冰川退缩区为例

为探究青藏高原东部陆地生态系统中铅的来源、累积分配过程及百年来大气铅的沉降状况，以贡嘎山海螺沟冰川退缩区为对象，利用冰川退缩区样地年龄可确定的优势，对160年来完整的植被演替序列进行了系统研究.采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定了土壤和植物样品中的铅以及其他微量元素的含量，明确了铅在该地区生态系统中的含量和储量变化格局，并采用主成分分析（PCA）解析了土壤铅的潜在来源，评估了历史沉降铅的累积速率.结果表明，森林有机土壤是大气铅的重要汇集区域.大气沉降的铅主要累积于O层中，而C层土壤铅含量相对较低；植物地上部以树枝和树皮铅含量最高，树干铅含量最低.植被序列中不同树种的铅储量变化趋势和植被演替趋势成正相关.在植被生长期，铅储量因生物量增加而不断升高，而随着演替过程中植被的死亡而降低.整个演替系统铅的储量随冰川退缩时间显著增加，至1936年样地的云冷杉顶极群落达到最大值.PCA源解析表明有机土壤中57%左右的铅来自于人为来源铅的大气沉降过程，即外源污染的大气沉降是贡嘎山中铅的主要来源.进一步分析表明，中国西南地区和南亚地区（印度、孟加拉国等）是主要的污染潜在源区.在百年尺度上，大气来源沉降铅在冰川退缩区的平均累积速率为（8.87±3.55） mg/（m²·a）.此研究为探究铅在陆地生态系统中的来源、分配及累积，理解未来全球变化对铅的环境地球化学过程影响提供了经典范例与数据依据.     

消化/剩余污泥水分扩散通量的研究

在传递理论的基础上,研究了干燥温度、污泥厚度及其种类3个主要因素对污泥水分扩散的影响,干燥温度设为30℃、40℃和50℃,污泥厚度设为1.3 cm、2.6 cm和3.9 cm,分别考察了消化和剩余两种污泥的干燥性能。利用实验数据获得两种污泥的有效质扩散系数,采用因次分析法建立了它们的水分扩散通量的准则关系式,通过实验研究两种污泥的水分扩散通量随干基含湿量的变化规律,并获得了两种污泥的水分扩散通量的经验公式。实验结果显示3.9 cm厚的消化污泥在40℃条件下的干燥效果最好。     

Sources and risk assessment of metal contamination in soils at the international airport of Shanghai,China

Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, and Ni in soils at the Pudong International Airport (PIA) of Shanghai, China, were determined to assess the sources and potential ecological risks. Compared to the soil background values of Shanghai, 31 soil samples out of 33 were highly contaminated with Cd, and 76% were moderately contaminated by Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Principal component analysis and clustering analysis indicated that Pb and Cd mainly originated from anthropogenic sources, while Zn, Cr, Ni, and Cu were mainly from natural sources. Relatively high concentrations of Cd and Pb were observed at sampling points near the landing or take-off sites or a close-by highway. Both air and highway traffic affected the quality of the soils at PIA.     

对火电厂粉煤灰平衡湿含量的试验和分析

对粉煤灰的平衡湿含量在各影响因素下进行了试验研究 ,并且利用半经验公式对实验数据进行了回归 ,得到了较好的拟合效果 ;为相关的理论及试验研究提供了计算公式及实验数据     

室内空气污染及防治对策

从室内空气污染的来源入手，分析了目前我国室内空气质量控制存在的主要问题，针对我国国情，从社会、经济、技术角度提出目前我国室内空气污染防治应首先着手解决实际问题和今后将要实施的行政管理策略及技术防治策略。     

Determination of trace elements in total suspended particles at the Southwest of Mexico City from 2003 to 2004

The purpose of the present study is to describe the relationships of eight elements analysed in total suspended particles collected in Mexico City, during 2003 and 2004. Al, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and V were analysed in to the atmospheric samples and the results were treated by Principal Components Analysis and Cluster Analysis trying to identify the possible sources of aerosols in the sampling site. Factor analysis calculations allowed the elements classification, related to their source on oil combustion, crustal and urban dust, smelting industries and motor vehicle emissions. A further statistical analysis of chemical results from the atmospheric samples was also performed, in order to see what environmental concentrations of those elements have been affected by industrial and mining activities. The eight elements analysed were arranged into two groups that presents high and positive Pearson r values suggesting common emission sources.     

甲醇装置污染源现状分析及控制对策

对甲醇装置“三废”及噪声污染源现状进行调查和分析，提出并采取了相应的控制对策。对目前存在的环保问题，提出了改进措施。     

Monthly Mean Afternoon Mixing-Layer Depths “Tuned” to the Eco-Climatic Regions of the Canadian Prairie Provinces

A simple diagnostic model was used to derive afternoon (0000 UTC) mixing-layer depths from gridded zero hour output from the Canadian Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) numerical weather model interpolated to approximately 200 locations in the Prairie provinces of Canada. Knowledge of the spatial pattern of monthly mean afternoon mixing-layer depths was enhanced by associating the annual cycles of monthly means with eco-climatic regions - regions with fairly uniform terrain and soils, and where similar vegetation indicate that the area experiences, on average, similar synoptic-scale weather and produces similar surface fluxes of heat and moisture. When the mixing-layer depth is used to assess the dilution of airborne pollutants or to determine the specific humidity of the boundary layer, the eco-climatic region rather than proximity to the location-of-interest should be the primary factor in the selection of an appropriate radiosonde site.     

REGIONAL RUNOFF SIMULATION FOR SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN1

ABSTRACT: The feasibility of simulating monthly runoff for southeast Michigan, which comprises four major river basins, was evaluated with the Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation watershed model. The evaluation covered a 13-year period (1961–73), which encompassed a complete runoff cycle. Results indicate it is feasible to simulate monthly runoff volumes on a regional scale with a single equivalent watershed by using daily precipitation and temperature data. Simulation of regional flows appears particularly attractive for the Great Lakes basin, since the basin consists of many relatively small watersheds. This method also appears promising for development of monthly runoff forecasts by employing average monthly meteorological data distributed on a daily basis. Tests of six-month runoff forecasts show relatively small deterioration with time and offer considerable improvement over climatology.     

温度和水分对大兴安岭多年冻土区森林土壤有机碳矿化的影响

温度和水分是影响土壤有机碳矿化的重要因素,而北方高纬度地区对气候变化响应敏感.本文选取大兴安岭多年冻土区落叶松和樟子松两种森林土壤(0～15 cm)为研究对象,通过测定不同温度(5、10和15℃)及水分(设置土壤含水率分别为30%、45%和60%)处理下的土壤有机碳矿化速率,以明确多年冻土区土壤有机碳矿化对不同梯度环境变化及其交互作用的响应.结果表明:研究区土壤累积碳矿化量为0.39～2.29 mg·g~(-1),落叶松林土壤高于樟子松林土壤,且矿化率随着培养时间延长呈先降低后稳定的趋势;土壤有机碳矿化程度随温度升高而显著增加(p0.001),但其对水分的响应因林型而异,落叶松土壤有机碳矿化程度随水分增加而降低,樟子松土壤有机碳矿化程度随水分增加而增加;温度和水分的交互作用对土壤有机碳矿化程度的影响未达到显著水平;土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性以土壤含水量为30%的落叶松土壤培养时最低(2.11),以土壤含水量为60%的落叶松土壤培养时最高(2.50),水分和林型对其影响不显著.