蚯蚓分子标记物在环境监测中的应用研究进展

综述了近年来蚯蚓分子标记的研究进展,特别是在蛋白质标记方面的进展,并结合在环境监测方面进行的研究讨论了蚯蚓分子标记的应用及发展趋势。     

易挥发有机化合物在Pt/Al_2O_3-Si纤维催化剂上的低温氧化

本文合成了一种新型的Pt负载在Al_2O_3涂膜强力富硅纤维载体的催化剂,研究低温下催化易挥发有机化合物的行为.用四种有机化合物检验实验参数对催化剂分解有机化合物分解率的影响.讨论了流速、浓度、有机物的本性、预热温度、反应热等参数的影响,并给出了催化剂对苯、甲苯在特定实验条件下的活化能、反应级数和指前因子的数值.     

水中天然有机物的臭氧氧化处理特性

通过小型实验和液相色谱分析，研究了水中天然有机物的臭氧氧化反应的特性和反应前后有机物分子量的变化情况。结果表明，臭氧氧化的主要功效不在于降低以TOC为代表的水中有机物总量，而是改变了有机物的性质和结构。通过臭氧氧化处理，水中大分子有机物分解氧化为小分子有机物分解氧化为小分子有机物，且具有饱和构造的有机物成分明显增加。     

土壤微生物生态学研究方法进展

土壤微生物研究方法经历了微生物纯培养、土壤酶活性(BIOLOG微平板分析)、微生物库(如微生物生物量)和流(C和N循环)、微生物生物标记物(FAMEs)、微生物分子生物学技术(从土壤中提取DNA,进行PCR-DGGE、PCR-SSCP、RLFP分析等),揭示了土壤微生物群落丰富的多样性和生态功能;现代生物技术和传统微生物研究方法的配合将为土壤微生物学研究提供较好的前景。     

甲醇分解催化剂及其在甲醇汽车上的应用

以Al_2O_3为载体、由浸渍法制备的负载型铜镍基和铜锌基催化剂,对甲醇分解制取H_2和CO的反应具有优良的低温活性、选择性、耐高温性和使用寿命,对乙醇分解也有良好的活性。两种催化剂在甲醇汽车的车载分解器中的应用巳达实用水平。     

柴油车氧化催化剂在抑制硫酸盐颗粒物形成方面的研究进展

柴油车氧化催化剂能够有效减少柴油车尾气中颗粒物的排放量 ,但是催化剂对尾气中SO2 的氧化会导致硫酸盐形成和释放 ,使总颗粒物的去除效果下降 ,因此 ,控制催化剂上硫酸盐颗粒物的形成相当关键。本文从选择活性组分、助剂、载体涂层及相应的制备工艺方面总结评述了近年来有关抑制硫酸盐颗粒物形成新采用的主要催化剂技术。     

Cu/Al-PILC催化的C3H6选择还原NO反应的研究

采用聚合羟基铝交联剂对蒙脱土进行撑柱,合成铝交联黏土(Al-PILC),并以其为载体,制备了应用于C3H6选择还原NO的催化剂Cu/Al-PLIC.考察了制备工艺条件及La2O3助剂对催化剂性能的影响,并采用DTA、IR技术对Al-PILC进行表征.研究结果表明,Al-PILC热稳定性随Al/clay比增加逐步提高,SO2-4改性Al-PILC上SO2-4与铝氧化柱形成了具有超强酸性的结构,催化活性得到显著提高;当Al/clay比为10 mmol/g,浸渍SO2-4量为20%(wt),Cu担载量为3%(wt),空速20 000 h-1时,Cu/Al-PILC在350℃NO转化率达到最大值52.02%;浸渍0.5%La2O3提高了Cu/Al-PILC催化剂的活性和热稳定性.     

中孔分子筛AI-MCM-41催化裂解聚烯烃反应研究

采用水热合成法制备了不同硅铝比的中孔分子筛AI-MCM-41，将其应用于高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）和聚丙烯（PP）的催化裂解反应。通过改变硅铝比、反应温度和催化剂用量，对Al-MCM-41催化HDPE和PP裂解反应的规律进行了探讨，研究表明，HDPE裂解反应受硅铝比的影响较大；而对于PP裂解反应，硅铝比在一定范围内对催化剂活性的影响不明显。另外，与热裂解和HZSM-5小孔分子筛的催化裂解结果进行了比较，结果证明A1-MCM-41具有较高的催化活性和较高的液体产物收率，尤其适合于空间位阻较大的PP的催化裂解反应。     

Multivariate Statistics of the Pyrolysis Products of High Molecular Components in Pulping Wastewaters to Explain Their Toxicity (6 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope At present, large-scale paper manufacture involves delignification and bleaching by elemental chlorine free (ECF) or totally chlorine free (TCF) processes. The wastewater is purified by secondary treatment (mechanical, chemical and biological) which removes most of the toxic substances from the discharge. However, we found residual toxicity in the high molecular (> 1000 D) matter (HMWM) of the discharge by test of the RET (reverse electronic transfer) inhibition. This fraction consists mainly of polydisperse lignin (LIG) and carbohydrate (CH) macromolecules. Structural units in these molecules are studied by pyrolysis gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS). In the present work, our aim was to find out those structural units which could explain the RET toxicity of LIG or CH molecules. We compared statistically RET toxicity values of the HMWM samples from treated wastewaters of pilot pulping experiments and intensity variation of the pyrolysis product gas chromatograms of these samples. This application is a novel study procedure. Methods Pyrolysis products (Py-GC/MS results) and inhibition of RET (reverse electronic transport toxicity) as TU50 and TU20 of HMWM (High Molecular Weight Material; Mw > 1000 D) were compared by multivariate statistics. The samples were from laboratory pilot stages of TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) and ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free) manufacture of softwood pulp. Py-GC/MS was done without and with addition of TMAH (Tetra Methyl Ammonium Hydroxide). The name and structure of each abundant fragment compound was identified from its retention time and mass spectrum compared to authentic reference compounds or literature. Four sets of Toxicity Units (TUs) and GC peak areas of the pyrolysis fragments were obtained. The data were normalized by division with LIG (lignin content of each sample). TU values were dependent and the fragment values independent (explanatory) variables in statistical treatments by SPSS system. Separate analyses of correlations, principal components (PCA) and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) were performed from the four sample sets TCF and ECF with and without TMAH. Results and Discussion From the CH fragments, 2-furfural in TCF, and from the LIG fragments, styrene in ECF showed the highest probabilities to originate from source structures of toxicity. Other possible compounds in concern were indicated to be CH fragment 2-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one in ECF and LIG fragments 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, 4,5-dimethoxy-2-methylphenol and 2-methylphenol in TCF.     

芳香族化合物生物降解代谢及其分子遗传研究

芳香族碳水化合物（烃）是自然环境中普遍存在的。由于这些芳香烃在环境中的化学稳定性高、水溶性低且许多可能是致癌因子，由此引起的环境问题是一个世界性的难题。利用生物工程技术阵解芳香烃是一条较为有效和快速分解的新途径。为此，本文综述了几种芳香烃生物降解途径的多样性、引发生物降解的生化和分子遗传机制及其所涉基因的克隆分析和应用研究进展。