具有不同粒径和相同表面结构纳米银颗粒的制备及表征

具有不同粒径相同表面结构AgNPs（nano-silver,纳米银）的可控合成是开展AgNPs毒性研究和风险评估的基础,也是材料制备领域的难点之一.采取化学还原的方法,使用AgNO₃（硝酸银）作为反应前体,使用TSC（trisodium citrate,柠檬酸三钠）和NaBH₄（sodium borohydride,硼氢化钠）作为稳定剂及还原剂,通过优化剂量比和反应条件等合成参数,一步式原位反应生成不同粒径的AgNPs.利用TEM（透射电子显微镜）、UV-Vis（紫外可见分光光谱）、ICP-MS（电感耦合等离子体质谱）、FT-IR（傅里叶转换红外光谱）和DLS（动态光散射）等技术综合表征了合成纳米颗粒的形貌和结构性质.结果表明:①TEM结果显示,3种AgNPs均为球形且粒径分别为12、25和33 nm.②UV-Vis表征结果显示,所得产物在391~408 nm之间有较强吸收,说明合成产物为AgNPs.③利用ICP-MS测试样品中未反应的ρ（Ag+）,得出该制备方法具有高产率（>99%）.④DLS结果证实了合成的AgNPs在水溶液中带负电荷且具有较窄的粒度分布.⑤FT-IR结果显示,所制备的AgNPs表面结构一致,具有碳碳双键、酯基、羧基和羟基等官能团,在材料制备的过程中,溶液的初始配比、反应时间及环境条件都会对反应结果产生很大影响.研究显示,通过化学还原方法制备的AgNPs具有方法简便、重现性好、产率高和单分散性的特点,所制备的系列AgNPs颗粒表面结构一致,具有良好的化学稳定性.      

Toxicity and mechanisms of action of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in living organisms

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles(TiO_2 NPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterials in the consumer products, agriculture, and energy sectors. Their large demand and widespread applications will inevitably cause damage to organisms and ecosystems. A better understanding of TiO_2 NP toxicity in living organisms may promote risk assessment and safe use practices of these nanomaterials. This review summarizes the toxic effects of TiO_2 NPs on multiple taxa of microorganisms, algae, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. The mechanism of TiO_2 NP toxicity to organisms can be outlined in three aspects: The Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS)produced by TiO_2 NPs following the induction of electron–hole pairs; cell wall damage and lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane caused by NP-cell attachment by electrostatic force owing to the large surface area of TiO_2 NPs; and TiO_2 NP attachment to intracellular organelles and biological macromolecules following damage to the cell membranes.     

重庆市不同粒径颗粒物中水溶性离子污染特征

于2010年3月~2011年2月和2017年1~12月在重庆主城区连续采集PM_1.0、PM_1.0~2.5和PM_2.5~10样品,采用离子色谱测定了样品中9种水溶性无机离子（WSIIs）含量,研究了近年来不同粒径颗粒物中主要离子的污染特征.结果表明,2017年重庆市PM_1.0、PM_1.0~2.5和PM_2.5~10中WSIIs年均浓度和占比分别为24.10,32.89,39.11μg/m³和41.8%、40.3%、38.6%,较2010年均有所下降（39.85,47.84,57.12μg/m³和49.2%、46.6%、36.2%）,但NO₃^-浓度和占比呈上升趋势（分别上升12.3%~27.8%和53.1%~78.2%）,且成为2017年冬季首要离子.SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、Cl^-、K⁺和Na⁺主要分布在细粒子中,F^-、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺主要分布在粗粒子中.重庆颗粒物呈弱碱性,其中粗粒子碱性强于细粒子,NH₄⁺主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃的形式存在.与2010年不同,2017年细粒子中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度均随相对湿度增大而快速上升,非均相反应已成为2017年SO₄^2-和NO₃^-形成的重要途径,且在PM_1.0中尤为突出.随污染加重,不同粒径下各类WSIIs演化特征各异,其中2017年细粒子中NO₃^-浓度及其对WSIIs贡献大幅升高,并成为重污染形成的主因,而SO₄^2-和扬尘源示踪物（Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺）贡献呈下降趋势.与2010年相比,2017年各粒径中NO₃^-/SO₄^2-比值随污染加重大幅升高,且重污染日比值均大于1.0.细粒子中WSIIs主要来源于二次转化,粗粒子主要来源于扬尘.2017年扬尘污染较2010年有所减缓,但二次源对WSIIs贡献上升明显,尤其是NO₃^-的二次生成,因此对NOx排放源的管控是WSIIs减排的重要途径.研究结果对了解近年来重庆市大气颗粒物污染来源及形成机制研究具有重要参考价值.     

微介复合固体酸β分子筛催化芳烃硝化合成研究

研究了多级孔道β分子筛催化剂对芳烃(氯苯)的硝化反应,显示具有优异的催化作用。在以硝酸为硝化剂,氯苯∶催化剂=3∶1,60℃反应2 h条件下,对比传统β分子筛,自制多级孔道β分子筛的催化活性较高,且氯苯的对位选择性均有所提高,对位/邻位比分别从0.5提高到1.2。多级孔道β分子筛催化剂重复使用5次,催化活性保持稳定,且随着孔道比表面积增加,催化剂稳定性更好。     

炭基催化剂比表面积、孔径与硫容关系研究

取T12系列12种炭基催化剂,采用物理吸附仪测定其比表面积和孔径分布,并在相同条件下做脱硫实验测得硫容。对其比表面积、孔径与SO2吸附分子直径比值与脱硫效果的关系进行研究。结果表明:对于T12系列炭基催化剂,催化效果会随着比表面积和孔径的增加而变得更好,总比表面积超过720m2/g,孔径超过0.85nm以后,催化剂的脱硫效果反而降低。     

城市污水厌氧氨氧化工艺的菌群分析与效能评估

厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）是一种高效低耗的新型生物脱氮技术,在城市污水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.在城市污水脱氮系统中,厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）是否存在、丰度如何及Anammox脱氮效能如何,是进行Anammox评估的重要指标.本研究重点介绍了在生物脱氮系统中进行AnAOB菌种测定和菌群结构分析的分子生物学技术及Anammox脱氮贡献率的计算方法 .结果发现,对于AnAOB的菌种测定和菌群结构分析,可采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链锁反应（qPCR）、16S rRNA高通量测序和宏基因组测序等分子生物学技术;Anammox脱氮贡献率可通过物料衡算法和¹⁵N同位素示踪法计算.同时,对这些评估方法存在的一些局限性也进行了阐述.总体而言,如何科学、有效、全面地评估Anammox在生物脱氮系统中发挥的作用仍是一个需要长期探究的课题.但随着相关研究的不断深入,检测手段和分析方法也会得到不断优化,这将为Anammox工艺的理论研究及工程应用提供重要支持.     

初始pH值对连续投加铝盐混凝去除小分子有机物的影响机制

以污水厂二级出水中小分子有机物强化混凝去除为目的,提出了连续投加混凝工艺(CDC),并以水杨酸为模型小分子有机物,研究了初始pH值对CDC工艺去除效果的影响以及铝离子与水杨酸的络合特性.结果表明,初始pH值6时CDC工艺的去除率最高,比常规混凝工艺提升了13.8%.但是初始pH值5和7时CDC工艺的提升效果较小.三维荧光结果表明,不同pH值下水杨酸和铝离子的络合特性不同.X射线光电子能谱和电喷雾质谱结果表明,pH值5时CDC工艺前期主要生成1:1络合物Al(OH)(C₇H₄O₃)(H₂O)₂.其络合作用强烈,稳定性较高,难以从水中去除.pH值6时前期主要生成中等聚合铝(如原位Al₁₃),其与水杨酸形成的络合物可以参与到铝离子的生长过程,最终生成表面崎岖形态松散的珊瑚礁状絮体,强化了水杨酸的去除.pH值7时,主要生成不定形氢氧化铝,通过絮体表面吸附小分子有机物.     

Importance of timely metadata curation to the global surveillance of genetic diversity

Genetic diversity within species represents a fundamental yet underappreciated level of biodiversity. Because genetic diversity can indicate species resilience to changing climate, its measurement is relevant to many national and global conservation policy targets. Many studies produce large amounts of genome-scale genetic diversity data for wild populations, but most (87%) do not include the associated spatial and temporal metadata necessary for them to be reused in monitoring programs or for acknowledging the sovereignty of nations or Indigenous peoples. We undertook a distributed datathon to quantify the availability of these missing metadata and to test the hypothesis that their availability decays with time. We also worked to remediate missing metadata by extracting them from associated published papers, online repositories, and direct communication with authors. Starting with 848 candidate genomic data sets (reduced representation and whole genome) from the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, we determined that 561 contained mostly samples from wild populations. We successfully restored spatiotemporal metadata for 78% of these 561 data sets (n = 440 data sets with data on 45,105 individuals from 762 species in 17 phyla). Examining papers and online repositories was much more fruitful than contacting 351 authors, who replied to our email requests 45% of the time. Overall, 23% of our email queries to authors unearthed useful metadata. The probability of retrieving spatiotemporal metadata declined significantly as age of the data set increased. There was a 13.5% yearly decrease in metadata associated with published papers or online repositories and up to a 22% yearly decrease in metadata that were only available from authors. This rapid decay in metadata availability, mirrored in studies of other types of biological data, should motivate swift updates to data-sharing policies and researcher practices to ensure that the valuable context provided by metadata is not lost to conservation science forever.     

Observations of microscopic characteristics of post-explosion coal dust samples

To reveal the microscopic characteristics of the post-explosion coal dust samples, coal dust explosion tests were performed in a 20 L spherical vessel. The explosion characteristic parameters, such as the maximum pressure (P_max), the maximum rate of pressure rise ((dP/dt)_max), ignition time (t) and the deflagration index (K_St) were recorded. Meanwhile, the post-explosion dust samples were collected and analyzed. The research efforts include particle size distribution analysis, SEM analysis and FTIR analysis of dust samples before and after the explosion. The particle size range of post-explosion dust samples became wider according to the mass percent analysis. The microscopic appearance of samples in same particle size range showed some similarity. The porous structure of dust samples was observed by improving the SEM magnification. The chemical structure of dust samples before and after explosion was analyzed by FTIR.     

A theoretical‐methodological approach towards the evaluation of environmental pollutants

The recognition and analysis as well as a generally applicable ecotoxicological evaluation are parts of the strategy towards the determination of changes in the quality of environmental compartments and their effects on humans. The progress in the field of identification of qualitative effects calls for the creation of a theoretical basis for the empirical findings. With this task being the main concern, fundamental ideas on a theoretical‐methodological approach towards the ecotoxicological evaluation of environmental chemicals are discussed. The relationships between the molecular structure and the effect of the substances in abiotic and biotic environmental compartments are the basis of this approach.