北京城区公园及其邻近道路国槐叶面尘分布与重金属污染特征

叶面尘可以反映一段时间、一定区域内空气颗粒物的污染状况.为了探究城市公园环境和道路环境的空气颗粒物污染差异,同时采集了北京市12座公园及邻近道路的国槐(Sophora japonica)叶面尘,对比分析其滞尘量、粒径分布、重金属含量的差异,并探讨了重金属的可能来源,结果表明:行道树国槐滞尘量显著高于公园国槐(p =0.041),但后者富集了更多粒径范围在2～ 20 μm之间的颗粒物.叶面尘中的重金属污染程度表现为Cu ＞Pb ＞Zn ＞Cr＞ Ni＞ Mn,其中,Cu、Pb和Zn达到中度污染水平,公园国槐叶面尘重金属元素的含量一般高于行道树国槐.公园国槐叶面尘重金属主要来源于交通排放,其次来自土壤母质,小部分来自工业排放和化石燃料燃烧排放等;行道树国槐叶面尘重金属最重要的来源是交通排放,其次是非特定源(工业排放、化石燃料燃烧排放、地面灰尘的二次扬尘及土壤母质等).本文的研究结果表明,严格控制交通排放是缓解北京城市灰尘污染的重要途径.     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter as N-nitrosamine precursors based on hydrophobicity, molecular weight and fluorescence

It is very important to identify the dominant precursors for N-nitrosamine formation from bulk organic matter, to enhance the understanding of N-nitrosamine formation pathways in water treatment plants and allow the development of practical treatment technologies. In this study, dissolved organic matter (DOM) from two source waters was fractionated with XAD resins and ultra- filtration membranes. The N-nitrosamine formation potential (FP) (ng of N-nitrosamines formed per mg of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) from raw water and each fraction were measured and correlated with the fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM), molecular weight (MW) and other assays. The results showed that the hydrophilic fraction had N-nitrosamine FP 1.3 to 3.5 times higher than the hydrophobic fraction from both source waters. The DOM fraction with low MW was the dominant fraction in these two source waters and contributed more precursors for N-nitrosamine formation than the larger MW fraction. The EEM spectra indicated there were notable amounts of soluble microbial products (SMPs) and aromatic proteins in the two studied rivers, which probably originated from wastewater discharge. The SMPs tended to be more closely correlated with N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential than the other DOM components. Higher N-nitrosamine FP were also related to fractions with lower DOC/DON ratios and lower SUVA 254 values.     

A further case with a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) derived from chromosome 1—evidence for high variability in mosaicism in different tissues of sSMC carriers

A prenatally ascertained case with a de novo small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) derived from chromosome 1 is reported. Due to a fetal heart defect the parents decided in favour of an induced abortion. Postmortem, a molecular cytogenetic study on eleven formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of the fetus was performed, to further characterize the levels of mosaicism of the sSMC(1). sSMC presence varied between 13 and 62% within different tissues of sSMC carriers. This finding is something common in sSMC carriers and could explain why up to the present no clinical correlations for sSMC mosaicism and clinical outcome in the corresponding carriers could be established. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

分子距边矢量与烃类化合物的溶解度及辛醇/水分配系数定量关系的研究

定义并计算了烃类化合物（包括链烃、环烃、芳香烃）的分子距离－边数矢量（μ矢量），藉助多元线性回归技术分别建立了137个烃类化合物的μ矢量与这些物质的正辛醇／水分配系数lgKow及水溶解度的定量结构／性质相关关系模型。模型具有良好的稳定性和预测能力。说明经改进的μ矢量能更好地反映烃类化合物的结构特性。     

Intrasexual selection in Mirza coquereli : evidence for scramble competition polygyny in a solitary primate

The primates of Madagascar (Lemuriformes) deviate from fundamental predictions of sexual selection theory in that polygynous species lack sexual dimorphism, have even adult sex ratios and often live in female-dominated societies. It has been hypothesized that intrasexual selection in these species is either reduced or primarily focused on traits related to scramble competition. The goal of this study was to examine these hypotheses by studying the mating system of a solitary nocturnal species, Mirzacoquereli. During a 4-year field study in western Madagascar, I captured and followed 88 individually marked animals. I found that adult males were significantly larger than females, providing the first evidence for sexual size dimorphism in lemurs. In addition, the adult sex ratio was biased in favour of females in 3 out of 4 years. There was no significant sex difference in canine size, however. Males showed pronounced seasonal variation in testis size with a 5-fold increase before and during the short annual mating season. During the mating season, males had more injuries than females and more than quadrupled their home ranges, overlapping with those of more than ten females, but also with about the same number of rivals. Only about one social interaction per 10 h of observation was recorded, but none of them were matings. Together, these results indicate that these solitary lemurs are clearly subject to intrasexual selection and that male-male competition is primarily, but not exclusively, of the scramble type. In addition, they suggest that the above-mentioned idiosyncracies may be limited to group-living lemurs, that social systems of solitary primates are more diverse than previously thought, and that the temporal distribution of receptive females is responsible for this particular male mating strategy. Received: 11 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 18 April 1997     

基于高分辨率在线观测数据分析上海市城区秋冬季大气有机气溶胶化学特征及污染来源

有机气溶胶(OA)不仅是大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)的重要组成部分,其与臭氧(O₃)污染也密切相关.采用气溶胶在线热脱附(TAG)系统对上海市城区秋冬季大气PM_2.5中94种有机分子示踪物浓度进行了在线观测,分析了不同气流轨迹影响下有机气溶胶的组成分布特征以及大气氧化性对其生成的影响.结果表明,本地气团影响下的OA组成以饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸和正构烷烃等指示一次来源的有机分子示踪物为主,偏北长距离输送影响下的OA则含有较高比例的生物质燃烧示踪物.与本地气团和长距离输送气团不同,海面气团携带的OA主要由二羧酸和羟基羧酸类指示二次来源的有机分子示踪物构成,其生成受光化学和液相氧化过程影响显著.进一步运用正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)对PM_2.5和OA污染来源进行解析,获得7类一次排放源和5类二次生成源,其中,二次硝酸盐对PM_2.5浓度贡献率最为突出(25.2%),移动源则对OA浓度贡献率最高(24.0%).污染过程中,燃煤源、移动源和餐饮源等人为源及其相关的二次生成源(二次硝酸盐、二...     

微纳米粒径生物炭的结构特征及其对Cd2+吸附机制

为探究不同微纳米粒径生物炭的结构特性和对Cd²⁺吸附性能的影响.通过筛分法和球磨法制备不同粒径（180~250、50~75和≤20 μm,分别表示为BC-1、BC-2和BC-3）玉米秸秆生物炭,利用元素分析、激光粒度分析、SEM、BET、FTIR和XPS等手段对生物炭的结构进行了表征,采用静态吸附实验研究了不同初始Cd²⁺浓度、吸附时间和pH条件下生物炭对Cd²⁺的吸附行为与机制.结果表明,随粒径减小,生物炭表现为pH值和Zeta电位均下降、芳香性和极性降低、比表面积和孔体积增大.不同粒径生物炭对Cd²⁺的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,以化学吸附为主,其平衡时间依次为：BC-1（540 min）>BC-2（360 min）>BC-3（80 min）.Langmuir模型能更好拟合Cd²⁺在不同粒径生物炭上的吸附等温过程（R²>0.97）,Cd²⁺最大吸附量随粒径减小而增大,表现为：BC-3（74.43 mg ·g^-1）>BC-2（45.71 mg ·g^-1）>BC-1（44.59 mg ·g^-1）.生物炭吸附Cd²⁺主要机制有静电吸引、表面络合和阳离子-π作用.     

城市间运输货车行驶工况构建与应用

为研究城市间运输货车行驶工况特性与典型工况构建方法。运用车载数据采集系统采集了在珠三角区域城市间运输的货运车辆行驶车速等瞬态数据。基于13个工况特征参数解析工况特性,运用运动学片段理论将工况速度数据分成284个工况片,基于主成分分析和聚类分析法将工况片分成5类,选出12片代表工况片,按工况片平均速度从小到大的顺序排列,再将工况时长等比例压缩至1 800 s后最终构建出典型行驶工况。构建工况与实测样本的各项特征参数符合度大于80%,结果表明提出的典型工况构建方法可行,构建工况符合城市间货运车辆实际运行特性。构建工况的最大车速为80 km/h,主要分布在60~80 km/h,C-WTVC工况在0~90 km/h较均匀分布,平均车速为41.0 km/h,较构建工况低15.8%。基于构建工况进行重型货车排放性能仿真测算,得出CO_(2e)排放因子为764.81 g/km,较C-WTVC工况测算值低10.97%,表明运行工况不同导致碳排放测算值有较大差异。