炭基催化剂比表面积、孔径与硫容关系研究

取T12系列12种炭基催化剂,采用物理吸附仪测定其比表面积和孔径分布,并在相同条件下做脱硫实验测得硫容。对其比表面积、孔径与SO2吸附分子直径比值与脱硫效果的关系进行研究。结果表明:对于T12系列炭基催化剂,催化效果会随着比表面积和孔径的增加而变得更好,总比表面积超过720m2/g,孔径超过0.85nm以后,催化剂的脱硫效果反而降低。     

大气颗粒态汞的粒径分布特征及风险评价——以天津城区样品为例

颗粒态汞在大气中停留时间短、易沉降,易对局地环境与人体健康造成危害,明确不同粒径颗粒态汞的分布,对进一步认知大气汞循环及环境归趋具有重要意义。本文讨论了2018年天津市四季大气颗粒态汞的粒径分布特征及季节性差异,判定了其可能来源,评估了其潜在生态和人体健康风险。结果表明,受初级排放源及活性气态汞的气-粒分配影响,颗粒态汞在PM_<0.5、PM_0.5～1粒径中明显富集,其环境健康危害一直被低估。大气颗粒态汞的平均浓度为181.1±97.2 pg/m³,冬季浓度较高,可能受人为排放量大、沉降率低、气-粒分配系数K_p与温度成反比因素控制。夏季浓度较低,除受清洁海相气团影响外,天气潮湿,汞的清除作用加大也是重要因素。颗粒态汞来源不同,冬季主要来源于北方燃煤供暖,春秋季与日常工业生产、车辆排放相关,夏季受自然源海相气团影响较大。尽管大气颗粒态汞通过呼吸给人体带来的健康风险较低,但细粒径风险值显著高于粗粒径,且其具有很强的生态环境危害,需要得到高度重视。     

城市污水厌氧氨氧化工艺的菌群分析与效能评估

厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）是一种高效低耗的新型生物脱氮技术,在城市污水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.在城市污水脱氮系统中,厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）是否存在、丰度如何及Anammox脱氮效能如何,是进行Anammox评估的重要指标.本研究重点介绍了在生物脱氮系统中进行AnAOB菌种测定和菌群结构分析的分子生物学技术及Anammox脱氮贡献率的计算方法 .结果发现,对于AnAOB的菌种测定和菌群结构分析,可采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链锁反应（qPCR）、16S rRNA高通量测序和宏基因组测序等分子生物学技术;Anammox脱氮贡献率可通过物料衡算法和¹⁵N同位素示踪法计算.同时,对这些评估方法存在的一些局限性也进行了阐述.总体而言,如何科学、有效、全面地评估Anammox在生物脱氮系统中发挥的作用仍是一个需要长期探究的课题.但随着相关研究的不断深入,检测手段和分析方法也会得到不断优化,这将为Anammox工艺的理论研究及工程应用提供重要支持.     

初始pH值对连续投加铝盐混凝去除小分子有机物的影响机制

以污水厂二级出水中小分子有机物强化混凝去除为目的,提出了连续投加混凝工艺(CDC),并以水杨酸为模型小分子有机物,研究了初始pH值对CDC工艺去除效果的影响以及铝离子与水杨酸的络合特性.结果表明,初始pH值6时CDC工艺的去除率最高,比常规混凝工艺提升了13.8%.但是初始pH值5和7时CDC工艺的提升效果较小.三维荧光结果表明,不同pH值下水杨酸和铝离子的络合特性不同.X射线光电子能谱和电喷雾质谱结果表明,pH值5时CDC工艺前期主要生成1:1络合物Al(OH)(C₇H₄O₃)(H₂O)₂.其络合作用强烈,稳定性较高,难以从水中去除.pH值6时前期主要生成中等聚合铝(如原位Al₁₃),其与水杨酸形成的络合物可以参与到铝离子的生长过程,最终生成表面崎岖形态松散的珊瑚礁状絮体,强化了水杨酸的去除.pH值7时,主要生成不定形氢氧化铝,通过絮体表面吸附小分子有机物.     

Importance of timely metadata curation to the global surveillance of genetic diversity

Genetic diversity within species represents a fundamental yet underappreciated level of biodiversity. Because genetic diversity can indicate species resilience to changing climate, its measurement is relevant to many national and global conservation policy targets. Many studies produce large amounts of genome-scale genetic diversity data for wild populations, but most (87%) do not include the associated spatial and temporal metadata necessary for them to be reused in monitoring programs or for acknowledging the sovereignty of nations or Indigenous peoples. We undertook a distributed datathon to quantify the availability of these missing metadata and to test the hypothesis that their availability decays with time. We also worked to remediate missing metadata by extracting them from associated published papers, online repositories, and direct communication with authors. Starting with 848 candidate genomic data sets (reduced representation and whole genome) from the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, we determined that 561 contained mostly samples from wild populations. We successfully restored spatiotemporal metadata for 78% of these 561 data sets (n = 440 data sets with data on 45,105 individuals from 762 species in 17 phyla). Examining papers and online repositories was much more fruitful than contacting 351 authors, who replied to our email requests 45% of the time. Overall, 23% of our email queries to authors unearthed useful metadata. The probability of retrieving spatiotemporal metadata declined significantly as age of the data set increased. There was a 13.5% yearly decrease in metadata associated with published papers or online repositories and up to a 22% yearly decrease in metadata that were only available from authors. This rapid decay in metadata availability, mirrored in studies of other types of biological data, should motivate swift updates to data-sharing policies and researcher practices to ensure that the valuable context provided by metadata is not lost to conservation science forever.     

Observations of microscopic characteristics of post-explosion coal dust samples

To reveal the microscopic characteristics of the post-explosion coal dust samples, coal dust explosion tests were performed in a 20 L spherical vessel. The explosion characteristic parameters, such as the maximum pressure (P_max), the maximum rate of pressure rise ((dP/dt)_max), ignition time (t) and the deflagration index (K_St) were recorded. Meanwhile, the post-explosion dust samples were collected and analyzed. The research efforts include particle size distribution analysis, SEM analysis and FTIR analysis of dust samples before and after the explosion. The particle size range of post-explosion dust samples became wider according to the mass percent analysis. The microscopic appearance of samples in same particle size range showed some similarity. The porous structure of dust samples was observed by improving the SEM magnification. The chemical structure of dust samples before and after explosion was analyzed by FTIR.     

A theoretical‐methodological approach towards the evaluation of environmental pollutants

The recognition and analysis as well as a generally applicable ecotoxicological evaluation are parts of the strategy towards the determination of changes in the quality of environmental compartments and their effects on humans. The progress in the field of identification of qualitative effects calls for the creation of a theoretical basis for the empirical findings. With this task being the main concern, fundamental ideas on a theoretical‐methodological approach towards the ecotoxicological evaluation of environmental chemicals are discussed. The relationships between the molecular structure and the effect of the substances in abiotic and biotic environmental compartments are the basis of this approach.     

Conserving spawning stocks through harvest slot limits and no-take protected areas

The key to the conservation of harvested species is the maintenance of reproductive success. Yet for many marine species large, old, individuals are targeted despite their disproportionate contribution to reproduction. We hypothesized that a combination of no-take marine protected areas (MPAs) and harvest slot limits (maximum and minimum size limits) would result in the conservation of large spawning individuals under heavy harvest. We tested this approach under different harvest intensities with a 2-sex, stage-structured metapopulation model for the Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus). P. argus is intensively harvested in the Caribbean, and in many localities large, mature individuals no longer exist. No-take MPAs and harvest slot limits combined, rebuilt and maintained large mature individuals even under high harvest pressure. The most conservative model (a 30% MPA and harvest slot limit of 75–105 mm) increased spawner abundance by 5.53E¹² compared with the fishing status quo at the end of 30 years. Spawning stock abundance also increased by 2.76–9.56E¹² individuals at a high harvest intensity over 30 years with MPAs alone. Our results demonstrate the potential of MPAs and harvest slot limits for the conservation of large breeding individuals in some marine and freshwater environments. Decisions on which management strategy best suits a fishery, however, requires balancing what is ecologically desirable with what is economically and socially feasible.     

鄱阳湖-饶河入湖段湿地底泥中微塑料的分离及其表面形貌特征

微塑料(粒径5 mm)作为一种新型污染物近年来被社会广泛关注.本文以江西省饶河-鄱阳湖入湖段(龙口)典型湿地表层中底泥沉积物为研究对象,分离提取底泥沉积物中微塑料,确定底泥沉积物中微塑料丰度值,利用扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)和傅里叶红外光谱仪分析微塑料表面形貌特征及组成特征.结果表明:(1)底泥沉积物中微塑料丰度为938个·kg-1,主要包括碎片、薄膜、纤维和发泡等4种类型微塑料,其中以碎片类微塑料比例最高,达到66.7%;薄膜类次之,约占比例25%;发泡类及纤维类微塑料相对较少些,二者比例之和仅占8.3%.(2)不同类型微塑料的红外光谱分析表明,碎片类微塑料主要成分为聚乙烯,薄膜类主要成分为聚丙烯,纤维类主要成分为低密度聚乙烯,发泡类主要成分则为聚苯乙烯.(3)微塑料粒径分布特征表明,粒径小于1 mm的微塑料比例占总量的61.3%,且随着粒径增大微塑料数目呈减少趋势.(4)微塑料表面形貌特征表现为沉积物中的微塑料有不同程度的老化痕迹,表面出现裂痕、孔隙并带有撕裂物等特征.     

DOC技术对柴油机排放颗粒物数浓度的影响

利用ELPI(电子低压冲击器)对不同转速、不同负荷以及安装DOC(氧化催化转化器)前后颗粒物排放及粒径分布进行了研究. 结果表明:无论安装DOC与否,柴油机排放颗粒物数浓度均随发动机转速的增加而增加. 增大负荷,颗粒物数浓度峰值处的粒径也随之增大. 经过DOC催化转化后,柴油机排放颗粒物的大部分仍呈单峰正态分布,且DOC对核模态粒子的氧化转化效率较高. 经过DOC后,在低转速下,不同粒径的颗粒物数浓度均有所降低;中、高转速下,DOC对粒径大于120 nm的颗粒物数浓度无明显降低作用.