不同阳极微生物燃料电池产电性能的比较

微生物燃料电池在处理废水的同时可以产生电能,有希望同时解决废水再利用和能量再产生的问题。采用单室无膜空气阴极微生物燃料电池,处理模拟生活污水,探讨MFC处理模拟废水的效果。研究了以碳布(MFC1)、碳布负载碳纳米管(MFC2)、碳纳米管(MFC3)和泡沫镍(MFC4)作为4种不同的阳极材料,对MFC系统的启动、内阻和产电特性进行比较。结果表明,4种不同阳极MFC在水力停留时间24 h的条件下,对COD有很好的去除作用,其中MFC2的COD去除效率最大,为91.4%。在不影响MFC系统处理废水效果的前提下,实验得到4种阳极MFC系统中MFC2具有最小的内阻,为173.7Ω;并且其功率密度也大于其他3种MFC,达到401.2 mW/m2。     

微生物燃料电池-零价铁耦合工艺的构建及除砷性能

为了更为有效地利用微生物燃料电池(MFC)所产电能并提高零价铁(ZVI)去除污染物工艺的效率,构建了微生物燃料电池-零价铁(MFC-ZVI)耦合工艺,并将其应用在三价砷水溶液的处理中。实验结果表明,在该耦合系统中,ZVI直接利用了MFC所产生的低压电能,铁腐蚀速率和除砷效率因此得到显著提高。实验所用MFC的最高稳定产电电压为0.52 V,电解过程中MFC的库伦效率为4.59%,以二价铁离子计算的电流效率为72.74%。反应结束后,溶液的pH值由反应前的8.0升高到8.5。两体系中铁氧化物产生量的差异以及铁氧化物形态分布的不同可能是导致其除砷效果不同的主要原因。     

Doramectin induced cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on bovine peripheral lymphocytes and cumulus cells in vitro

The effect of doramectin (DOR) was tested on two experimental somatic bovine cells in vitro: peripheral lymphocytes (PL) and cumulus cells (CC). The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of DOR were assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, single cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE) and cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN Cyt) assay. Both cells were treated with three concentrations of DOR (20, 40, 60?ng?mL^–1) for 24?h. The results obtained from PL demonstrated that DOR was able to induce cytotoxic effect and DNA damage with all concentrations tested. Additionally, DOR increased micronuclei (MNi) frequency and nuclear buds (NBuds) with 20, 40, 60?ng?mL^–1, and nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) only with 40?ng?mL^–1. On the other hand, the three concentrations of DOR were not able to induce cytotoxic effect and DNA damage using SCGE in the bovine CC. Nevertheless, the two higher concentrations of DOR (20, 40?µg mL^–1) significantly increased the frequency of micronucleus formation in bovine CC. These results represent the first experimental evidence of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects exerted by DOR on bovine PL and CC.     

电炉炼锡废渣制备白炭黑

以电炉炼锡废渣为原料,经过酸浸处理去除Fe元素后,再用沉淀法制备白炭黑。探索了制备白炭黑的最佳工艺条件。分别采用XRD、FTIR、SEM及粒度分析等技术表征了白炭黑产品的物相、形貌、粒径及其分布。实验结果表明,制备白炭黑的最佳工艺条件为:Na OH溶液浓度8 mol/L、固液比1∶10(干燥废渣质量与Na OH溶液体积比,g/m L)、搅拌速率300 r/min、反应温度90℃、反应时间6 h。在最佳工艺条件下制备的白炭黑产品中Si O2质量分数达92.8%。表征结果显示,所制备的白炭黑产品是由近似球形的颗粒聚集而成的无定形非晶体水合二氧化硅,粒径为95~200 nm的颗粒约占87.5%。     

A wind-solar PV hybrid power system with battery backup for water pumping in remote localities

After energy, water is the most critical commodity to be made available to people to keep them alive. Saudi Arabia has vast land and people are living in all regions. Most of these are connected to national grid but some are not, especially in remote areas like in the north, south, and west south. Pumping water in remote areas for domestic needs like agriculture and animals beside human needs is essential and require regular power supply. The present idea of wind-PV-Battery hybrid power system based on 100% renewable source is being proposed to utilize and tested in some of the regions on experimental bases. Of the five locations chosen for the purpose, namely Dhahran, Riyadh, Jeddah, Guriat and Nejran, some are good from both wind and solar intensity point of view some have good winds only and some good solar only. Nearly optimal size of PV-Wind water pumping system is determined for each of these sites considering the availability of solar and wind energy distributions throughout the year in these sites. It is shown that the monthly total water pumping capacity when using nearly optimal PV-Wind water pumping system is fairly uniform throughout the year except for the sites of Guriat and Riyadh. In these sites higher water pumping capacity is observed during the spring and summer months. On the other hand the cost of underground water pumping is found to vary between 6 to 12 US¢/m³ for the five sites considered.     

底物浓度影响微生物燃料电池性能和生物生长的模拟研究

建立了含有悬浮微生物、电极上生物量、可溶性化学底物和中介体的微生物燃料电池(MFC)数学模型。通过底物降解、生物增长和电流产生过程的模拟,考察了生物量和底物随时间的变化规律,底物质量浓度对生物量、底物降解和电流的影响。结果表明,当溶液中初始微生物量很少时,随着MFC反应的进行,生物主要富集在电极上,溶液中生物生长缓慢;MFC中的生物生长经历延滞期、对数期和平稳期,底物分解经历缓慢、快速和消耗殆尽3个阶段。底物质量浓度小于等于250 mg/L时,生物延滞期时间、底物缓慢分解阶段时间、生物生长到达平稳时间、底物消耗殆尽的时间和电流到达最大值所需的时间随着底物质量浓度的增加而缩短。底物质量浓度大于250 mg/L时,生物延滞期时间、底物缓慢分解阶段时间、生物生长到达平稳时间、底物消耗殆尽的时间和电流到达最大值所需的时间随着底物质量浓度的增加而增加。     

Effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on fish hepatoma cells treated with mercury chloride and ionizing radiation

Organisms are exposed to natural radiations from cosmic or terrestrial origins. Furthermore the combined action of radiation with various chemicals is an inevitable feature of modern life. Radiation is known to cause cell death, mainly due to its ability to produce reactive oxygen species in cells. N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) is a well-known sulfhydryl-containing antioxidant whose role in radioprotection has been reported. Synergistic effects of radiation and mercury chloride on human cells was previously reported by the authors. Based on the previous report, this study was designed to assess the synergistic effects of radiation and mercury chloride on fish hepatoma cells, as well as to investigate the protective effects of NAC on the cells. The cytotoxicity of radiation was enhanced in the presence of mercury chloride. NAC in lower concentrations prevented cells from death after irradiation with lower doses (<300 Gy) while it did not prevent cells from radiation-induced death after irradiation with higher doses (300, 500 Gy). The intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels significantly decreased after irradiation while the combined treatment of NAC and radiation alleviated the decrease in the GSH levels. The investigations give a clue for the action mechanism of synergistic or protective effects of NAC on the cells. Due to their high resistance to ionizing radiation, the PLHC-1 cells can be effectively used as a screening tool for assessing the combined effects of radiation with toxic chemicals.     

不同浓度甲醛致小鼠肾细胞DNA损伤效应研究

为了探讨甲醛导致生物机体内的DNA损伤效应及其剂量-效应关系,通过不同浓度的液态甲醛对小鼠肾细胞进行染毒,并分别运用了单细胞凝胶电泳实验、荧光检测法实验和KCl-SDS沉淀法实验进行研究.结果显示,甲醛在低浓度(5μmol·L-1)时,具有致DNA断裂的作用;在中等浓度(25μmol·L-1)时,对DNA的损伤作用以DNA-DNA交联为主;在高浓度(125、625μmol·L-1)时,对DNA的损伤作用以DNA-蛋白质交联为主.     

环境雌激素的生物检测与应用

环境雌激素问题已成为环境领域的研究热点。因此,建立简单快速有效的检测方法显得尤其重要。目前对污染物雌激素效应的测评主要依赖于生物学方法,文章主要介绍了子宫生长实验、肝细胞卵黄蛋白原生成实验、人乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)增值实验、重组基因酵母实验、酵母双杂交实验五种主要的环境雌激素生物检测方法及其在国内外环境激素测评中的应用现状。