硅基底增透膜典型自然环境适应性评价研究

目的 掌握硅基底增透膜在自然环境中的环境适应性。方法 采用棚下暴露试验方法,开展硅基底增透膜样品自然环境试验。以0.5、1、1.5、2 a为检测周期,测试样品外观形貌、微观形貌、光谱透射比和表面化学成分等性能,根据性能随试验时间和试验环境的退化规律来对硅基底增透膜的环境适应性进行评价。结果 经过0.5 a的湿热雨林(版纳站)、暖湿酸雨(江津站)、寒冷(漠河站)、南海岛礁(永兴岛站)气候环境试验,硅基底增透膜光谱透射比出现少量下降,表面部分区域出现了明显的变色和脱膜,样品已失效。随着试验时间的延长,变色和脱膜区域变多、变大,光谱透射比出现明显下降,尤其是经过2 a南海岛礁气候环境试验后,光谱透射比下降了80%左右。结论 对各性能参数进行比较,硅基底增透膜在南海岛礁气候环境中的环境适应性最差,其次是暖湿酸雨气候环境,再次是湿热雨林气候环境,相对好一点的是寒冷气候环境。     

美国太阳反射镜步进应力加速老化试验

为了应对降低聚光发电(CSP)成本带来的挑战,研发新型的低成本反射镜材料,包括金属聚合物反射镜。通过将太阳反射镜暴露在紫外光下,利用试验应用方法和统计推论技术,定量评估和改进太阳光反射镜在紫外光下与失效机制相关的使用寿命。将利用超加速环境系统评估由紫外暴露加速老化导致的多种性能退化模式。由于样品数量、试验条件、性能退化和失效模式等原因,试验结果可用于深入推导失效机制、关联物理参数、服役寿命和不确定性。在有必要利用高级方案和统计推论的复杂情况下,建议采用步进应力加速老化试验方法。     

输配气场站采用太阳能发电的技术可行性研究

以成都市为例对四川地区的气象条件进行分析,根据日均气象辐射量计算太阳能的理论发电量,并根据某配气站实际电能消耗情况进行理论计算,对比得出：选择最大输出功率为24kW的山特3C3—30KSUPS作为逆变器,2组并联电压384V的电池组,太阳能电池板阵列面积达到187m。以上,可满足样本配气站的日常用电需求。     

Biomass for Fuel Cells: A Technical and Economic Assessment

Fuel cells can be highly efficient energy conversion devices. However, the environmental benefit of utilising fuel cells for energy conversion is completely dependent on the source of the fuel. Hydrogen is the ideal fuel for fuel cells but the current most economical methods of producing hydrogen also result in the production of significant amounts of carbon dioxide. Utilising biomass to produce the fuel for fuel cell systems offers an option that is technically feasible, potentially economically attractive and greenhouse gas neutral. High-temperature fuel cells that are able to operate with carbon monoxide in the feed are well suited to these applications. Furthermore, because they do not require noble metal catalysts, the cost of high-temperature fuel cells has the greatest potential to become competitive in the near future compared to other types of fuel cells. It is, however, extremely difficult to assess the economic feasibility of biomass-fuelled fuel cell systems because of a lack of published cost information and uncertainty in the predicted cost per kW of the various types of fuel cells for large volume production methods. From the scant information available it appears that the current cost for fuel-cell systems operating on anaerobic digester gas is about US$2,500 per kW compared to a target price of US$1,200 required to compete with conventional technologies.     

Some Physical Properties of CdO Thin Films Used as Window Material in Photovoltaic Solar Cells

Abstract

CdO thin films which can be used in photovoltaic solar cells as window material were obtained on glass substrates at 250°C and 300°C substrate temperatures using Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP) technique. The electrical, optical, structural, and surface properties of the films were investigated for two different substrate temperatures. After all investigations, it is concluded that, the CdO thin films can be used in photovoltaic solar cells as window materials and cell efficiencies can be increased using different growth parameters.     

Design concept for an ecological relaxing textile product using solar energy

We can enhance our quality of life and reduce environmental impacts by making improvements in textile product design. By thinking about the environment when we design, choose and use technology, we can play an important part in building a better world for the future. If we are going to live in a sustainable way, the technology that we use has to be sustainable.

This paper provides an insight into how the design of textile products could provide for a more sustainable future. It describes a design concept for an ecological relaxing textile that uses photovoltaic cells to collect and store solar energy and to power an electronic relaxing system. This design may help improve our quality of life now and in the future.

The raw materials and processes, the electronic devices and the dimensions of solar energy for this application are analysed from an environmental perspective. The solar relaxing textile can facilitate our daily life by providing increased comfort and well being, and also acts as an indirect message to use renewable energy within textile support, in order to preserve our ecology.     

Thermal performance of a central annular cavity vessel with fins of a box-type solar cooker

Solar cooker is an alternate device used for reducing the problems of energy supply for cooking needs, especially in rural households. Though solar cookers have been commercialised in rural and other domestic areas, further research is still required to enhance the efficiency of the solar cooker. Previous studies have helped to ascertain that the central annular cylindrical hole in the cooking vessel reduces the length of the heat-transfer path and provides higher heat-transfer rate to the water kept in the vessel. Convective heat transfer can be further increased by providing additional surface area in the cylindrical hole. This study proposes a new cooking vessel with central annular cavity and fins attachment that will help in increasing the heat-transfer rate to the cooking vessel. Experiments are conducted with three types of vessels, i.e. conventional cooking vessel, cooking vessel with central annular cavity and cooking vessel with rectangular fins in the central annular cavity. For the annular cavity with fins vessel, a peak temperature of 98°C is observed. The maximum temperature difference of 30°C has been observed between annular cavity vessel with fins and conventional vessel. As the height of the lug is also expected to play an important role, experiments are conducted to determine the effect of lug height on the heat transfer to the cooking vessel. This study indicates that a lug height of 9 mm is optimum for maximum heat transfer to the cooking vessel.     

Novel microbial fuel cell design to operate with different wastewaters simultaneously

A novel single cathode chamber and multiple anode chamber microbial fuel cell design(MAC-MFC)was developed by incorporating multiple anode chambers into a single unit and its performance was checked.During 60 days of operation,performance of MAC-MFC was assessed and compared with standard single anode/cathode chamber microbial fuel cell(SC-MFC).The tests showed that MAC-MFC generated stable and higher power outputs compared with SC-MFC and each anode chamber contributed efficiently.Further,MAC-MFCs were incorporated with different wastewaters in different anode chambers and their behavior in MFC performance was observed.MAC-MFC efficiently treated multiple wastewaters simultaneously at low cost and small space,which claims its candidature for future possible scale-up applications.     

原子氧对不锈钢的作用

目的研究空间原子氧辐照对不锈钢性能的影响。方法将不锈钢试样置于束流密度为2.5×10~(16)atoms/(cm~2·s)的原子氧束中进行辐照试验,最长辐照时间为300 min。研究随辐照时间增加,试样质量、光学性能、接触角、耐磨性能、耐腐蚀性能的变化。结果原子氧辐照后,不锈钢表面生成氧化物质量增加;随辐照时间增加,试样光谱反射系数呈下降趋势,太阳吸收比增加;原子氧作用导致不锈钢接触角增大,耐磨性能提高,耐腐蚀性能下降。结论得到的不锈钢原子氧环境效应数据,可为其在低轨航天器上的应用提供理论基础。     

Recyclable Fe3O4@Polydopamine (PDA) nanofluids for highly efficient solar evaporation

Volumetric solar evaporations by using light-absorbing nanoparticles suspended in liquids (nanofluids) as solar absorbers have been widely regarded as one of the promising solutions for clean water production because of its high efficiency and low capital cost compared to traditional solar distillation systems. Nevertheless, previous solar evaporation systems usually required highly concentrated solar irradiation and high capital cost, limiting the practical application on a large scale. Herein, for the first time in this work, polydopamine (PDA)-capped nano Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@PDA) nanofluids were used as solar absorbers in a volumetric system for solar evaporation. The introduction of organic PDA to nano Fe3O4 highly contributed to the high light-absorbing capacity of over 85％in wide ranges of 200–2400 nm because of the existence of numerous carbon bonds and pi (π) bonds in PDA. As a result, high evaporation efficiency of 69.93％under low irradiation of 1.0 kW m-2 was achieved. Compared to other nanofluids, Fe3O4@PDA nanofluids also provided an advantage in high unit evaporation rates. Moreover, Fe3O4@PDA nanofluids showed excellent reusability and recyclability owing to the preassembled nano Fe3O4, which significantly reduced the material consumptions. These results demonstrated that the Fe3O4@PDA nanofluids held great promising application in highly efficient solar evapo-ration.