纤维栅除尘器在皮带转运站的应用

纤维栅除尘器具有原理独特、体积小、重量轻、能耗低、除尘效率高 ,在电厂转运点运用表明 :岗位粉尘浓度小于 5 m g/ m3,外排粉尘浓度 97m g/ m3,除尘器效率 96 % ,用水量 0 .5 t/ h。     

Generalized analytical expressions for safety instrumented systems' performance measures: PFDavg and PFH

Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) constitute an indispensable element in the process of risk reduction for almost all of nowadays' industrial facilities. The main purpose of this paper is to develop a set of generalized and simplified analytical expressions for two commonly employed metrics to assess the performance of SIS in terms of safety integrity, namely: the Average Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD_avg) and the Probability of Dangerous Failure per Hour (PFH). In addition to the capability to treat any K-out-of-N architecture, the proposed formulas can smoothly take into account the contributions of Partial Stroke Testing (PST) and Common Cause Failures (CCF). The validity of the suggested analytical expressions is ensured through various comparisons that are carried out at different stages of their construction.     

‘Enclosing country park land and the conservation of military heritage:’ an Ostromian interpretation of the fools’ paradise

British colonial military heritage structures in Hong Kong are in a state of ruin and government neglect. Urgent attention is required in the form of active management to avoid the loss of valuable heritage resources and the negative impact on the landscape and environment. This paper explores two possible alternatives – user participation and social entrepreneur participation – to achieve innovative solutions to rent dissipation of these structures situated in isolated areas within protected-area boundaries, with a focus on a specific case. Emphasis is placed on fostering public participation, involving the allocation of some property rights. Elinor Ostrom's diagnostic approach to common-pool resource problems is applied to both solutions to determine the conditions necessary to achieve the objectives. The discussions are informed by social entrepreneurship principles and a version of the Coase Theorem, the latter coinciding with Ostrom's view regarding the role of property rights in achieving sustainable outcomes.     

Low energy buildings in Taiwan mountain areas: A weather data analysis

The energy consumption of buildings is influenced by the climates tremendously. Taiwan is an island covered with high mountains. Crossed by the tropic of cancer, the basic climates zones include tropical and subtropical climates. In this research, the degree day and degree hour methods were used to analyze 37 weather stations data in mid and high elevation regions of Taiwan collected over 10 years. The WRF model were used to predict summer cooling hours using 26, 28, 30°C as the base temperatures. The research showed that Taiwan has complicated climate zones due to the variations of the elevation. The low air-conditioning load areas in the mid and high elevation regions will be the most suitable areas to design low energy consumption buildings in Taiwan.     

高要求模式SIS异型冗余结构PFH计算模型*

为了满足石油化工生产中对高要求操作模式下采用异型设备的安全联锁回路进行SIL定级的需求,避免因误用同型PFH公式导致SIL等级评估误差。考虑各通道差异性及其失效顺序的遍历性,以MonteCarlo仿真值为多元线性回归模型观察样本,以改进共因失效部分多样性修正因子确定方法,提出异型KooN冗余结构每小时危险失效平均频率(PFH)的计算公式;比较该模型独立失效部分与异型1oo2结构Markov模型PFH结果,并分别将该模型和传统同型PFH公式应用于海上采油平台高完整性压力保护系统(HIPPS)异型关断阀子系统的比较分析。研究结果表明:在不同检测周期内,所提出的PFH计算模型与Markov模型PFH计算结果相对误差均保持在10-3数量级;但当检测周期大于3 a时,使用同型PFH公式会出现对HIPPS子系统SIL等级的误判,造成井口压力联锁保护功能过保护或欠保护。研究结果有助于生产单位准确评估联锁保护风险和设备维护投入。     

论我国环境与经济发展战略的转变

近十年来,我国在处理环境与经济发展战略问题上,从理论上有了长足的进展,为经济建设和社会发展提供了理论依据。但是应该看到,环境、经济和谐发展的思想还没有完全贯穿于国民经济的一切活动之中,发展的理论和实践仍有距离。为此,我们必须正视现实,作出由突进向和谐发展转轨的重大抉择。     

上海早晨边界层的稳定度特征及其对PM2.5峰值浓度的影响

PM_2.5的峰值浓度一般出现在早晨,这是早晨高排放和低边界层共同作用的结果.早晨的边界层结构对PM_2.5峰值浓度及演变具有重要影响,但准确反演早晨较低的边界层高度存在很大困难.基于此,本文以上海为例,采用8：00的L波段气象探空数据,利用高分辨率的垂直风温资料计算总体理查逊数（Rf）来判定早晨边界层的稳定度.研究发现,上海早晨边界层的稳定度具有明显的季节差异,其中,11月、12月和1月基本为稳定边界层结构（SBL）,5—8月为对流边界层结构（CBL）.通过分析风温廓线发现,上海冬季早晨SBL存在明显逆温,高度约为100~200 m,平均逆温强度为2.4℃/100 m;而夏季早晨的CBL可发展至400~500 m.早晨PM_2.5峰值浓度随Rf的升高明显上升,SBL条件下的PM_2.5峰值浓度较CBL条件下偏高约20 μg·m^-3.2013—2017年上海早晨边界层的稳定度在春季和冬季呈波动上升的趋势,其中,2016和2017年的上升幅度尤其明显.2016、2017年春季的SBL频数较2013—2015年同期分别偏多12.5%、17.0%,冬季分别偏多10.8%、9.0%,而2016、2017年春季的PM_2.5浓度却分别下降11.00%、23.00%,冬季分别下降27.94%和34.38%,表明近几年上海早晨的PM_2.5排放强度明显下降.     

电除尘器末端微细粉尘收集装置研究

电除尘器末端是针对二次扬尘超细粉尘颗粒的收集的最后一道屏障。通过分析前人在此方面开展研究的技术成果基础上,集成多项技术,探索一条经济性较高的电除尘器增容提效改造的途径。     

基于PSR的重庆市“一小时经济圈”生态环境评价研究

随着重庆市经济快速的发展,土地与生态环境的矛盾也越加尖锐。利用层次分析法,选择PSR（压力、状态、响应）指标模型对重庆市“一小时经济圈”2000和2006年的生态环境质量进行定量评价。结果发现：2000和2006年,整体上渝西地区的潼南、铜梁、大足、壁山、永川以及荣昌等区县生态环境都处于一个较差的水平,而涪陵均处于较高的水平。两年间研究区域生态质量均以优、良为主,所占面积比例分别为6096%和6256%;从2000年到2006年,研究区生态环境质量整体呈一个明显下降的趋势,显著变差的面积比例达到3171%,而显著变好的区域面积比例仅有524%;研究区生态环境下降区域面积比例达到5972%,而生态环境上升区域面积则仅有2702%,生态环境质量变化区域具有明显的空间差异性,显著变差区域基本分布于渝西南地区,即成渝交通干线辐射区域及主城大部分地区.     

Diurnal variation of number concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles in the urban atmosphere of Beijing in winter

Number concentration and distribution of airborne particles in the size range 5.6 to 560 um diameter were measured in Beijing for a 15-d period in winter 2005.Daily average number concentrations of nucleation mode(5.6-20 nm),Aitken mode(20-100 nm), and accumulation mode(100-560 nm)particles,and total particles were 17500,32000,4000,and 53500 cm~(-3),respectively.Average particle size distribution was monomodal with a mode diameter of about 40 um at night and bimodal with mode diameters of about 10 and about 40 nm during the daytime.New particle formation events,which were connected to diurnal variation of nucleation mode particles,were observed in more than half of the observation days.The events often started around 10:00-11:00 Chinese Standard Time (CST)and ended up after 3-4 h.Concentrations of Aitken and accumulation mode particles increased from midnight and reached their maxima at about 10:00 CST,and then decreased and became the lowest in the afternoon.Analysis of diurnal cycles in traffic volume and meteorological parameters revealed that the accumulation of the particles in Aitken and accumulation modes in the morning was influenced by formation of an inversion and increase in vehicle emission,and dispersion of such particles in the afternoon was associated with more effective vertical mixing and higher wind speed.