滇池大气沉降氮磷形态特征及其入湖负荷贡献

为研究季节变化和降雨量对滇池各种氮磷形态浓度的影响,采用紫外分光光度法测定大气沉降的各种氮磷形态浓度,探讨滇池湖面氮磷对水污染的贡献.结果表明,滇池大气沉降氮浓度普遍符合雨季低,旱季高的特点;大气沉降氮磷负荷与降雨量正相关,季节性变化主要呈雨季高,旱季低.大气沉降氮负荷以DIN为主,占总氮沉降负荷的63. 70%;磷负荷以PP为主,占总磷沉降负荷的45. 54%,过度施肥和肥料中氮磷的流失是大气湿沉降中主要的氮磷来源.结合入湖河流数据,滇池大气沉降中TN和TP的沉降量分别为河流入湖负荷的6. 14%和12. 76%,因而滇池主要污染来源仍然是入湖河流带来的负荷.但滇池大气沉降氮磷通量与其他地区相比处于中等偏上地位,所以该贡献仍需重视.     

水泥厂废旧除尘布袋热重分析及其形态特征

采用综合热重分析法,对水泥厂3种不同工段的废旧除尘布袋及相对应的同型号新布袋进行了热重(TG)分析实验研究.结果表明,废旧除尘布袋热重分析的升温过程中主要有3个失重峰,前两个失重峰与涤纶纤维的燃烧析出相对应,第3个失重峰主要是碳酸钙分解的结果.采用积分法(Coats-Redfern方程)计算得到各阶段燃烧反应的机理方程及相应的活化能参数.分析表明,在低温段废旧布袋中的灰尘对燃烧反应影响不大,而在高温段废旧布袋中的灰尘导致燃烧反应活化能升高,阻碍燃烧反应进行.从电镜扫描和能谱分析可知,废旧除尘布袋中的涤纶纤维几乎被焚烧殆尽,剩下的少量焚烧灰渣由C、O、Si、Ca等主要元素,以及Ti、Al、Mg、Mn、Fe等次要元素组成.这种灰渣与水泥成分类似,具有较高的回收利用价值.     

南亚热带常绿阔叶林林冠层附生植物及其宿主叶片的形态解剖特征

选择南亚热带常绿阔叶林中具有代表性的4种林冠层附生植物：白背瓜馥木（Fissistigma glaucescens）、瓜子金（Dischidia chinensis）、蔓九节（Psychotria serpens）、山蒌（Piper hancei）及其主要宿主植物：厚壳桂（Cryptocaryachinensis）、荷木（Schimasuperba）、华润楠（Machilus chinensis）、锥栗（Castanopsis chinensis）为研究对象,对其叶片形态结构和解剖结构特征进行比较。研究结果表明：宿主植物与附生植物的叶片形态结构差异显著。相对于4种宿主植物,4种附生植物叶片无蜡被,比叶面积大,且具有含水量高,上下表皮厚度增加,气孔密度、气孔面积减少等特征,有利于叶片对水分和养分的吸收、贮存和利用。着生在林冠层不同部位的附生植物的叶片形态结构特征随着光合有效辐射、温度、湿度等微环境因子的变化表现出显著的差异：位于冠层顶部的瓜子金和蔓九节叶片小而厚,含水量高,气孔密度低且覆盖角质膜,更适应冠层顶部高温、低湿、高光照的环境;位于冠层下部的白背瓜馥木和山蒌叶片相对较薄,气孔面积较大,叶肉细胞分化明显,海绵组织排列松散,更适应冠层中下部低温、高湿、弱光照环境。变化的叶片结构是植物适应环境条件的重要表现。     

渝东黄龙组碳酸盐岩储层的古岩溶特征和岩溶旋回

通过近百口全取芯钻井岩芯的岩石学、矿物学、古生物学和地球化学特征的综合研究 ,认为渝东及相邻川东地区的上石炭统黄龙组碳酸盐岩储层主要为古岩溶作用产物。文中简要介绍了黄龙组古岩溶型储层的主要识别标志和岩溶角砾岩的结构 成分分类方案 ,重点对岩溶相、岩溶地貌分区和微地貌单元、岩溶旋回和溶蚀段划分进行了较为详细的描述。在此基础上 ,建立了渝东黄龙组岩溶相、古岩溶地貌和岩溶旋回与古岩溶储层特征和分布关系的综合模式 ,指出岩溶斜坡和岩溶盆地分区中的坡地与残丘微地貌单元为最有利储层发育的部位 ,发育于C2 h2 白云岩段中的上部溶蚀段和下部溶蚀段为最有利古岩溶储层发育的层位     

重庆市植烟土壤中镁的化学行为研究

采用原子吸收分光光度计测定经过连续浸提的土样中镁的化学性能。结果表明，重庆市植烟土样中水溶态、可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态、残留态镁的含量分别为0．01、0．59、0．15、0．6、0．63cmol／kg，各形态所占的百分比分别为0．5％，29．7％，7．5％，30．3％，32％，均低于0．8—1．6cmol／kg的正常水平。植烟土壤对镁的最大吸附量为1.25mg／g，吸附作用较好，故适量施加镁肥将会促进烟叶质量的提高。     

空心莲子草对水分变化的形态适应研究

在人工栽培空心莲子草并控制其立地水分条件,使之形成相应三种生境类型——旱生型、挺水型、漂浮型的条件下,初步研究了空心莲子草对水因子变化的形态适应机理。对节间长度、不定根数、不定根长度、叶形指数、抽枝率、节间最大周长等六个形态学指标进行的单因素方差分析和因子分析的结果表明：水分条件的变化对全部形态参数都有极显著影响;旱生型空心莲子草以地上部迅速占有空间的生长为主,其次是地下部生长;与旱生型空心莲子草相比,漂浮型的生长趋势中茎的增粗生长和根的数量生长上升到重要位置,然后才是茎与根的伸长生长;挺水型的第一位生长具有旱生型与漂浮型的双重特点,第二位生长在一定程度上具有与漂浮型相同的特征。按旱生型—挺水型—漂浮型逐级过渡,节间长度、不定根数极显著增加;第一公共因子中不定根数的重要性逐步升高,而且抽枝率始终是重要参数,但其均值在漂浮型中最小。所以,对旱生型与挺水型空心莲子草的治理应以抑制其抽枝为主要手段,对于漂浮型则应以抑制其生根为主。后续的相关研究应该以寻找其根和茎的发育机理为主,并以此为突破口采用适当的方法治理该种的蔓延。     

Relationship between near-surface morphological traits of familiar plants and their ability for sediment retention in a dry-hot valley北大核心CSCD

To explore the sediment interception capacity of plants and its relationship with the surface morphological traits of plants, we used laboratory simulations and off-site flume experiments to study the ability for sediment retention of six familiar species: Leucaena leucocephala (LL), Melia azedarach (MA), Dodonaea viscosa (DV), Coriaria sinica (CS), Heteropogon contortus (HC), and Eulaliopsis binata (EB) aver two growth periods in the dry-hot river valley of the Jinsha River. We analyzed the relationship between near-surface morphological traits of individuals of six species and their ability for sediment retention. Our study resulted in three main observations. (1) In the flume experiment, three-month seedlings and one-year old seedlings of the six species showed different abilities for sediment retention. In the three-month seedlings, the ability for sediment retention of CS was the highest, followed by MA and LL, whereas it was the lowest in HC and EB. However, in one-year old seedlings, the ability for sediment retention of CS was the highest, but the ability for sediment retention of HC and EB was better than those of MA and LL. Hence, the ability for sediment retention of the six species fluctuated between different growth periods. (2) The three-month old and one-year old seedlings of all six species showed different near-surface morphological traits. (3) The sediment mass was significantly and positively correlated with near-surface leaf areas, crown lengths, crown widths, stem dry matter densities at the intersection volume, and above-ground biomass, but significantly and negatively correlated with the angle between stem and ground, indicating that these latter are the main near-surface morphological traits able to affect sediment retention. In addition, the sediment mass was also correlated (positively and negatively) with the stem epidermal crack number, stem dry matter content, leaf dry matter content at the intersection volume, and dry mass per unit volume of the intersection volume, which could also reflect the ability of sediment retention. We conclude that in the areas where plant measures are used to control soil erosion and intercept sediment, the key, above-mentioned plant morphological factors should be taken into account in order to select the optimal plant species. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Chronological Dynamics of the Distribution of Wing Venation Anomalies in Intrapopulation Groups ofCalopteryx splendens Harr. Damselflies

Long-term dynamics of the numbers of complete (normal) veins, venation anomalies, and linear wing parameters were analyzed in male Calopteryx splendens Harr. damselflies from neighboring population groups. Correlation analysis showed that some anomalies may appear additionally to complete veins, whereas other anomalies are formed instead of them. The damselflies from the generations of even years proved to have significantly greater numbers of anomalies. A probable cause of this phenomenon was a sharp increase in the background radiation level in the summer of 1986, after the Chernobyl accident, which could lead to serious hereditary disturbances manifested in a series of generations. The results of the study show that the formation of wing venation anomalies in damselflies is a stochastic process, which is enhanced under the effect of both environmental and genetic stress. These anomalies may be regarded as markers characterizing the degree of stability of ontogenetic processes in the population, which essentially reflect specific genotypic traits of individual organisms. Analysis of wing venation anomalies appears to be a more precise instrument for assessing developmental stability than estimation of the levels of fluctuating asymmetry and general phenotypic variance.     

荆州市地表水沉积物中磷的形态分析

通过对荆州地区主要地表水沉积物中磷的形态分析,揭示了地表水沉积物中不同形态磷的分布特征。结果表明：地表水沉积物中磷主要有交换态磷（Ex—P）、铝磷（Al-P）、铁磷（Fe—P）、闭蓄态磷（Oe—P）、自生钙磷（ACa—P）、碎屑钙磷（De—P）、有机磷（Or—P）7种磷,其中以自生钙磷（ACa—P）、碎屑钙磷（De—P）和有机磷（Or—P）为主,约占总提取磷的95％。自然条件下,绝大部分湖泊的沉积物中95％以上的磷是以生物较难利用的形态存在的,活性磷所占比例较小,不足沉积物总磷的3％;沉积物中铝磷、铁磷、闭蓄态磷、自生钙磷的含量与总磷含量均没有明显相关性。各形态磷的含量分布与水体沉积物的释磷特点及其地球化学循环规律,并受沿岸污水排放及近岸养殖排污等人为活动的影响。