基于大样本量的地震死亡率与建筑物倒塌率关系研究

本文以1976年唐山Ms7．8地震震害普查数据为基础，选取丰富的统计样本，采用地理信息软件建立地震死亡率、建筑物倒塌率分布图，揭示出唐山地震灾区高震亡率和高劁塌率呈线性集中沿唐山断裂带分布，在河道、古湖泊和砂土液化地区也存在震害高值区。基于丰富的统计样本，获得了唐山地震死亡率与建筑物倒塌率的非线性关系式。     

长江上游江津江段铜鱼种群参数和资源量评估

铜鱼是典型的半洄游性鱼类,曾是长江干流的重要渔获对象,但目前其资源已严重衰退。为了解三峡工程蓄水后、金沙江一期工程蓄水前该物种的种群动态,论文利用2007—2009年长江上游江津江段的渔业调查数据,采用体长频率法对其种群参数和资源量进行评估。结果表明：铜鱼渔获群体体长范围为125~530 mm,体重范围为24~2 250 g,平均体长为228.7±56.6 mm,平均体重为206.4±251.9 g;优势体长组为150~270 mm,约占总数的80.4%。铜鱼体长-体重幂函数关系为：W=7.63×10^-6L^3.10（R²=0.97,P<0.01,n=280）。由体长频率法拟合出其渐近体长L_∞为630.0 mm,生长系数k为0.23 a^-1。由Pauly经验公式估算出其自然死亡系数为0.46。由长度转渔获物曲线估算出其总死亡系数为1.82。江津江段铜鱼开捕体长为170.7 mm,资源开发率为0.75,超过了其资源最大开发率（0.50）。由体长结构实际种群分析估算出江津江段铜鱼2007、2008和2009年年资源量分别为2 820 尾/km（2.63 t/km）、3 035 尾/km（4.71 t/km）和8 130 尾/km（16.56 t/km）,平均值为4 661 尾/km（7.96 t/km）。在当前铜鱼资源急剧下降,长江中、下游资源近乎枯竭的现状下,建议停止对铜鱼资源开发,重点加强长江上游江津江段铜鱼种群保护及其生境修复。     

Low level inhalation experiments with four different cadmium compounds in rats†

This long‐term inhalation study was designed to describe the toxicity and the carcinogenic risk from Cd compounds because it had been shown from former long‐term inhalation studies that cadmium choloride induced primary lung tumors in Wistar rats. It was therefore logical to examine whether other cadmium compounds to which human beings are more frequently exposed have also carcinogenic potency. In a long‐term inhalation study cadmium aerosols consisting of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂), cadmium oxide (CdO) as dusts and fumes, cadmium sulfate (CdSO₄), cadmium sulfide (CdS) and a combination of cadmium oxide/zinc oxide were used. Wistar rats were continuously exposed in inhalation chambers for 18 months 22 hrs a day or for 40 hrs a week. The studies will be terminated at the mean survival life time of the species. The aerosols were generated by several different systems. The particles of the cadmium aerosols have the average mass medium diameters in the range from 0.2 to 0.5 μm.     

芘污染对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensi)D型面盘幼虫发育的影响

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类广泛存在于环境中的持久性有机污染物,大多具有潜在毒性、致癌性及致畸诱变作用。选取马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensi)作为模式动物,研究芘对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫发育的影响。将马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫暴露于不同浓度(2、4、8、16和32μg·L-1)芘(pyrene)中,在暴露后第12、24、36、48、60、72和84小时,分别测定其死亡率和畸形率,并观察形态学的变化。结果表明,芘对D型面盘幼虫的发育有显著影响,同一浓度组的死亡率与时间呈正相关。在2～32μg·L-1浓度范围内,不同暴露时间段,死亡率与浓度呈正相关。芘暴露对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的形态也有显著影响,随着芘浓度的增大幼虫畸形的比例增高,并呈现明显的剂量-效应关系,其中8和32μg·L-1浓度组的响应最敏感。同时,芘暴露对马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的半数致死浓度(LC50)随着时间的推移逐渐降低,60h后趋于稳定,LC50值为43.50μg·L-1。研究结果表明,芘暴露能影响马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的发育,并可能对其种群结构产生不利影响。     

Trap mortality in mark-recapture studies

When animals die in traps in a mark-recapture study, straightforward likelihood inferences are possible in a class of models. The class includes M₀, M_t, and M_b as reported by White et al. (Los Alamos National Laboratory, LA-8787-NERP, pp 235, 1982), those that do not involve heterogeneity. We include three Markov chain “persistence” models and show that they provide good fits in a trapping study of deer mice in the Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument of Southern Oregon where trapping mortality was high.

Using an individual-based model to quantify scale transition in demographic rate functions: Deaths in a coral reef fish

Scientifically informed population management requires quantitatively accurate demographic rate functions that apply at the spatial scale at which populations are actually managed, but practical constraints confine most field measurements of such functions to small study plots. This paper employs an individual-based population growth model to extrapolate the death rate function in a well-studied coral reef fish, the bridled goby Coryphopterus glaucofraenum, from the scale of coral reef “cells” at which it was measured to the larger scale of an entire coral reef. Density dependence in the whole-reef function actually proves stronger than in the local function because high goby density occasionally arises in local patches with few refuges from predators, producing very high mortality there. This IBM-based approach extends the reach of scale transition theory by examining considerably more realistic models than standard analytical methods can presently handle.     

Comparative Analysis of Coat Color Morphs in a Polymorphic Population of the Northern Mole Vole

Long-term stationary observations (1985–2000) on a polymorphic population of the northern mole vole (Ellobius talpinus Pall.) in Kurgan oblast were performed using the mark-recapture method. Original data were obtained on the abundance and structure of this population, which comprised individuals of three color morphs: black, brown, and intermediate (bicolor). Each morph proved to have its specific features with respect to abundance, age and sex composition, migration, birthrate, mortality, and life span. In general, this polymorphism contributes to population heterogeneity and the maintenance of population homeostasis.     

Infant handling and mortality in yellow baboons (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Papio cynocephalus</Emphasis>): evidence for female reproductive competition?

This study examines negative and positive infant handling behavior in 24 free-ranging yellow baboon infants (Papio cynocephalus) studied over a 5-year period in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. We test predictions of the female reproductive competition hypothesis to explain patterns of infant handling behavior by adult females (excluding the infants mother) in relation to observed cases of infant mortality by age 3 months (25% of infants in this study). Results show that: (1) low-ranking infants received more negative infant handling than high-ranking infants; conversely high-ranking infants received more positive infant handling; (2) female kin engaged in higher levels of positive infant handling than did non-kin, whereas non-kin showed higher levels of negative infant handling; (3) rates of negative infant handling varied by season, with high levels at the onset of the rainy season; and (4) high level of negative infant handling was a significant predictor of infant mortality by age 3 months (infant rank and sex did not predict survival). We discuss how the occurrence and interpretation of infant handling behavior in the literature has likely been confused by different definitions of this behavior, as well as differences in the socio-ecological context in which this behavior occurs.Communicated by C. Nunn     

扬中县土壤背景值及其与恶性肿瘤死亡率关系

本文对我国癌症高发区扬中县土壤环境背景值作了论述,并与同期调查的全国和江苏省土壤背景值进行对比,采用多元素综合效应比值、相关、多元回归分析法,探讨了癌症发病率与土壤微量元素间的关系。     

河北近岸海域浮游细菌与病毒的关系

运用荧光显微技术,从2006年7月~2007年10月,分季度采样,对河北北戴河和天津沿岸海域的浮游细菌和病毒进行了调查。结果表明,浮游细菌和病毒具有明显的时空分布特点,细菌丰度超过106/mL,病毒丰度超过107/mL。病毒总数与细菌总数之比VBR为1.75~26.51,平均为6.22。运用超离心和电子显微镜对2007年春季样品进行检测,发现被病毒感染的细菌总频度为3%~5%,引起的细菌死亡率为28%~55%,平均为41.5%。揭示浮游病毒感染是浮游细菌死亡的重要原因,同时病毒在海洋系统物质循环和能量流动中扮演重要角色。