Improving simulations of sulfate aerosols during winter haze over Northern China: the impacts of heterogeneous oxidation by NO2

Incorporating the missing heterogeneous oxidation of S(IV) by NO₂ into the WRF-Chem model. Sulfate production is not sensitive to increase in SO₂ emission. The newly added reaction reproduces sulfate concentrations well during winter haze. We implemented the online coupled WRF-Chem model to reproduce the 2013 January haze event in North China, and evaluated simulated meteorological and chemical fields using multiple observations. The comparisons suggest that temperature and relative humidity (RH) were simulated well (mean biases are -0.2K and 2.7%, respectively), but wind speeds were overestimated (mean bias is 0.5 m?s⁻¹). At the Beijing station, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) concentrations were overpredicted and sulfate concentrations were largely underpredicted, which may result from uncertainties in SO₂ emissions and missing heterogeneous oxidation in current model. We conducted three parallel experiments to examine the impacts of doubling SO₂ emissions and incorporating heterogeneous oxidation of dissolved SO₂ by nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) on sulfate formation during winter haze. The results suggest that doubling SO₂ emissions do not significantly affect sulfate concentrations, but adding heterogeneous oxidation of dissolved SO₂ by NO₂ substantially improve simulations of sulfate and other inorganic aerosols. Although the enhanced SO₂ to sulfate conversion in the HetS (heterogeneous oxidation by NO₂) case reduces SO₂ concentrations, it is still largely overestimated by the model, indicating the overestimations of SO₂ concentrations in the North China Plain (NCP) are mostly due to errors in SO₂ emission inventory.     

环境风对高层建筑楼梯井内火灾烟气运动特性的影响

环境风会影响高层建筑楼梯井内火灾烟气的运动特性.以广州市某地真实高层建筑楼梯井为原型,采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,利用火灾动力学仿真软件FDS建立该16层高层建筑楼梯井全尺寸FDS数值模型,对环境风作用下高层建筑楼梯井内火灾烟气运动规律展开数值模拟研究,分析不同窗户开合状态、不同风向和不同风速条件下环境风对高层...     

蚊香和佛香燃烧过程中苯系物的排放研究

利用小型烟雾箱对6种市售蚊香和5种佛香燃烧过程进行采样研究,定量分析释放的5种苯系物(苯、甲苯、乙苯、对/间二甲苯、邻二甲苯),利用单室质量平衡模型分别计算排放系数.结果表明,蚊香和佛香的不同品牌之间苯系物的排放系数相差较大,蚊香中5种苯系物的平均排放因子分别是77,101,94,250,94μg/g,佛香中5种苯系物的平均排放因子依次是732,598,2084,2349,221μg/g.蚊香与佛香燃烧释放物中含量最高的苯系物均是间/对二甲苯,分别占总含量的41%、39%.取测得的最大排放速率,采用室内空气质量模型模拟一般条件下蚊香和佛香燃烧释放苯系物对室内空气的影响,分析结果显示,燃烧蚊香造成室内苯、甲苯和乙苯的最大模拟浓度分别是31,45,86μg/m3,燃烧佛香造成室内苯、甲苯和乙苯的最大模拟浓度为65,66,187μg/m3.     

Study of sorptive properties of trap systems for selective enrichment of volatile organic compounds from tobacco smoke samples

There is a dearth of data on the consumer product concentrations of iron, lead, and nickel for accurate comparison to be made. The levels of these elements were determined in 85 samples of six different classes of personal care products commonly used in Nigeria using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results of the analysis showed that the range of the mean concentrations of Fe was 0.485–1.108 ppm, Pb ND–0.163 ppm, and Ni ND-0.160 ppm. The analytical data have demonstrated that the selected consumer products are possible sources of iron, lead, and nickel exposure. Users can be exposed to these metals directly through dermal contact or inhalation. The regulations relating to cosmetic products give no limit values for heavy metals in cosmetic products, hence, it was difficult to establish if the values obtained in this study are safe or not. Prolonged use of soaps, creams, and detergent containing these elements may pose threat to human health and the environment. This could be responsible for various skin diseases such as allergic skin, follicular and pigmentary disorders, which are common among the users (exposed groups) of these products in Nigeria. A body of evidence has presented a rare example of systemic allergic dermatitis caused by topical application of a mercury-containing cosmetic to the upper lip of a 32-year-old Turkish patient.     

Smoke alleviates adverse effects induced by stress on rice

Smoke and salinity are environmental hazards. Smoke produced DNA damage, inflammatory, and oxidative stress in humans while salinity reduced plant yield. However, smoke from plants is beneficial towards plant growth. In this study, smoke of two plants, Buhania varegata (1:1000 and 1:5000 dilutions (v/v)) and Cymbopogon jwarancusa (1:500 and 1:1000), were used to determine effects on different physiological and biochemical parameters in rice Basmati-385 (B-385) and Shaheen Basmati under different saline concentrations (control: 50, 100, and 150 mM). With increasing salinity, germination%, seedling growth, K⁺, Ca⁺, cell membrane stability, and total nitrogen and protein contents were decreased while Na⁺ content increased. However, seeds primed with different dilution of smoke significantly diminished the adverse effects of salinity and shown to produce positive responses in all of the above parameters. The most effective dilutions were 1:5000 for Buhania varegata and C-500 for Cymbopogon jwarancusa. It seems that priming with plant smoke solution is a potent stimulant for plant growth exerting a significant role in physiology and biochemistry of rice plants under saline condition.     

Occupational exposures,delivered doses and exposure limits for chromium and nickel†

The interaction of HCH (50 mg/kg) and dietary protein levels on microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes system and liver lipids were studied in the rats for 90 days. The results indicated that rats fed a lower protein diet and HCH has a higher rate of mortality, lower rate of growth and an increased liver weight. A significant induction in the hepatic microsomal aminopyrine‐N‐demethylase, p‐nitroanisole‐O‐dealkylase, benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase and glutathione‐S‐transferase activity was observed in pesticide treated animals as compared to control animals. The pathological changes observed in liver of HCH treated animals consisted mainly of necrosis and fatty degeneration of hepatocytes. HCH also induced the significant accumulation of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipid and total lipid in liver in low protein diet animals. Protein accelerates the metabolism of HCH, resulting in a decrease of HCH concentration with the increase of dietary protein level. A close correlation existed between lipid accumulation, induction of drug metabolizing enzyme system and deposition of HCH in liver.     

Indoor air pollution: A review∗

Relationships between toxicities of substituted aromatic hydrocarbons to Daphnia magna and to Fathead minnows or Photobacterium phosphoreum were studied based on structure‐activity equations we established. Good relationships between toxicities of chemicals to Daphnia magna and to Fathead minnows, Photobacterium phosphoreum were found for a wide range of chemicals. The toxicity data of fish can be predicted by the toxicity data of Daphnia magna or Photobacterium phosphoreum. It is probable that the toxicities of chemicals to the three organisms are similar.     

稻草和玉米秸秆燃烧烟尘中正构烯烃的组成

在明火燃烧和闷烧条件下对6种稻草和5种玉米秸秆进行了燃烧试验,并对烟尘中的正构烯烃进行了分析.结果表明,在稻草明火烟尘中,正构烯烃由C15~C29组成,其平均总含量为918.7mg/kg,低碳数与高碳数正构烯烃含量比(L/H)的平均值为0.6,碳优势指数(CPI)的平均值为1.2.正构烯烃呈双峰式分布,两个峰碳数主要是C24和C28.在稻草闷烧烟尘中,正构烯烃由C17~C29组成,其总含量、L/H、CPI等的平均值分别是517.0mg/kg、0.7和0.9.正构烯烃同样呈双峰型分布,两个峰碳数主要是C23和C28.在玉米秸秆的明火烟尘中,正构烯烃由C19~C29组成.其总含量、L/H、CPI等的平均值分别为126.0mg/kg、0.7和1.3.正构烯烃呈单峰型分布,主峰碳数主要是C24和C23.在玉米秸秆的闷烧烟尘中,正构烯烃由C17~C29组成,其总含量、L/H、CPI等的平均值分别是198.9mg/kg、1.8和 0.9.正构烯烃呈双峰式分布,其主峰碳数均为C23,次峰碳数主要是C29.在两类秸秆燃烧产生的烟尘之间,正构烯烃的组成存在明显差别.这有助于识别气溶胶中稻草或玉米秆燃烧来源的此类污染物.     

室内不同燃烧模式香烟污染的研究

香烟燃烧的主动吸烟、呼出烟雾、自由燃烧3种排放方式中,对一氧化碳CO、总挥发性有机物TVOC进行测定分析。自由燃烧模式较主动吸烟模式造成的CO和TVOC污染更高。对于室内环境的污染和被动吸烟者的危害,自由燃烧模式与呼出烟气模式的贡献比例CO和TVOC分别约为15/1和4/1。主动吸烟者吸入的烟气中CO和TVOC浓度可分别高达约10000mg/m3和800mg/m3,高出国家室内空气环境标准限量约1000倍,吸入的烟气中约有40%的CO通过肺部被人体吸收。     

马尾松凋落针叶热解燃烧烟气排放机理

使用热重一红外光谱分析仪联用（热红联用）技术棚4定了马尾松凋落针叶热解燃烧的起始温度、烟气成分、排放量及其达到峰值时的温度等。结果表明,针叶在250℃时气体排放开始大量增加,当升温至600℃左右时,有氧条件下其气体排放基本结束,而无氧条件下则继续排放气体,甚至在950℃时仍然有CO2和CO排出;针叶释放的无机烟气以CO2和CO为主,在有氧和无氧条件下,气态有机物在种类和排放量上均有较大差异,无氧条件下气态有机物的排放量最高。实验还发现,无氧条件下,CO和气态有机物排放量出现了多峰值现象,表明针叶在无氧条件发生了2—3次热解排放高峰。