我国海岸带土地、生物资源的开发利用

本文综述了我国海岸带资源开发利用的现状和今后发展形势,内容包括土壤和土地资源;各种生物资源的开发利用,如水产资源、芦苇、海岸防护林及红树林、大米草等。总的在海岸带土地及生物资源开发后,将大大促进我国经济社会和生态效益。     

Economic development and its impact on the environment in east coastal zone of China

This paper discusses briefly the elementary characteristics of the east China economic developing zone, and analyses the condition of urban atmospheric pollution, water pollution and ecological damage in this zone at present. It was brought forward that we must pay great attention to the environmental factors, and make the environmental impact assessment and environmental planning in the process of economic development in this zone.     

Sustainable management of shellfish resources in Bandon Bay, Gulf of Thailand

Bandon Bay (Surat Thani Province) is one of the most productive coastal areas in southern Thailand. The Tapi River and 18 channels are the main sources of freshwater, nutrients, organic matter and sediment to the bay and the loading of freshwater and nutrients provide essential support for the production of phytoplankton in the estuarine ecosystem. Bandon Bay is important as natural spawning, nursery and feeding grounds for shellfish such as oysters, blood cockles, green mussels, short-necked clams, mud crabs and shrimps, and the estuary also serves as an excellent area for mariculturing of shellfish. In fact, oysters and blood cockles cultured in Bandon Bay are now being exported worldwide. However, Bandon Bay is also a textbook example of overexploitation of coastal resources in the tropics including all the derived changes in the estuarial ecosystem with severe socio-economic consequences. Hence, there is an urgent need for setting up an integrated management plant for a sustainable use of shellfish resources in Bandon Bay. The present study attempts to integrate water quality simulation results, socio-economic data and information on existing shellfish resource use in the process of proposing a set of sustainable management strategies for shellfish resources in Bandon Bay. These strategies involve: (1) using water quality modeling to monitor ecological and environmental changes in shellfish culture beds and their natural habitats in the process of setting up a master plan for management of waste water discharge into Bandon Bay; (2) zoning of shellfish mariculture in the coastal area in order to solve conflicts between resource users; (3) setting up a clear system for taxation of mariculture where the revenue may be used for (4) setting up and managing mangrove strips as filters of pollution and sediment around Bandon Bay; and finally (5) it is suggested to form a committee with members representing all relevant stakeholders plus the local government in order to work on resolving the existing and potential future conflicts over resource usage in Bandon Bay. This methodology may be seen as an important contribution towards a Bandon Bay sustainable management approach, based on the principles of integrated coastal zone management because it is science-based and takes into consideration the needs and perceptions of people involved in coastal resource extraction.     

论自然保护区的共同管理

自然保护区是我国可持续发展的重要事业之一,近几年来发展迅猛,取得了丰硕成果.但是,自然保护区的建设和管理还处在初级阶段,存在许多困难和问题.本文分析了自然保护区管理上存在的困难和问题,探讨了如何实施共同管理,旨在为自然保护区建设和管理提供现实依据.     

松嫩平原西部盐碱地区10种植物叶片结构特征及其生态适应性

采用石蜡制片法通过对松嫩平原西部盐碱地区生活型不同且具有一定生态价值、经济价值和推广应用价值的10种优势植物的显微结构特征进行研究,并结合其生存的环境,探讨它们对松嫩平原西部盐碱地区的生态适应特性,为松嫩平原西部盐碱地区生态重建植物种类的选择提供一定的依据。结果表明:不同植物叶片之间具有明显的差异,并且植物叶片的形态解剖结构明显表现出与其生态环境相适应的特征。它们的叶片在结构上均表现出典型的旱生特点:上表皮细胞较厚且排列紧密,上下表皮都具有发达的角质层。羊草(Leymuschinensis)、芦苇(phragmitescommunis)和碱茅(Puccinellatenuiflora)在两条平行叶脉之间的上表皮内,分布着数列泡状细胞,干旱时极易失水而引起叶片向腹面卷曲;碱蓬(SnaedaglaucaBuuge)和马莲(IrisensataThunb)的叶出现了明显的肉质化,这都是对干旱盐碱环境的适应性反应。     

Axi-symmetric simulation of soil vapor extraction influenced by soil fracturing

Fracturing, either pneumatic or hydraulic, is a method to improve the performance of soil vapor extraction (SVE) in relatively low permeability soils (< 10(-5) cm/s). A two-dimensional model is presented to simulate trichloroethylene (TCE) soil vapor extraction modified by fracturing. Flow and transport is modeled using mobile macropore and micropore networks, which also have been identified in the literature as dual porosity, dual permeability, or heterogeneous flow models. In this model, fluids can flow in both the macropore and micropore networks. This represents a more general model compared to immobile micropore, mobile macropore models presented thus far in the literature for vapor flow and transport in two dimensions. The model considers pressure- and concentration-driven exchange between the macropore and micropore networks, concentration-driven exchange between the gas and sorbed phases within each network, and equilibrium exchange between the gas and water and a sorbed phase within each network. The parameters employed in an example simulation are based on field measurements made at a fractured site. Considered in the simulations were the influence of the volume percentage of fractures, the length of fractures, the relative location of the water table, and the influence of pulsed pumping. For these simulations, internetwork concentration-driven exchange most significantly affected mass removal. The volume percentage of fractures more significantly influence flow and mass removal than the length of fractures. The depth of the water table below the contamination plume only significantly influenced flow and mass removal when the water table was within 60 cm of the bottom of the contaminated soil in the vadose zone for the parameters considered in this study. Pulsed pumping was not found to increase the amount of mass removed in this study.     

我国新经济开发区水环境规划研究

本义分析了我国新经济开发区水环境规划的特点，提出了规划研究的内容、步骤和方法，给出了水环境承载力的概念和定量方法，并且确定规划方案中的水环境承载力，以此作为协调水环境保护与社会经济发展的理论依据。文中以本溪市经济开发区为例，在综合分析的基础上，制定出开发区水环境综合防治规划，并做了供选方案的费用－效益分析和可行性论证，最后，计算分析了各规划方案的水环境承载力的综合值。     

Impact of urbanization on hydrochemical evolution of groundwater and on unsaturated-zone gas composition in the coastal city of Tel Aviv, Israel

The coastal city of Tel Aviv was founded at the beginning of the 20th century. The number of its inhabitants and its water consumption increased rapidly. This study analyses a 15-year record (1934-1948) of pre-industrial development of groundwater chemistry in the urban area. Archive data on concentrations of major ions, dissolved gases (CO2 and O2), organic matter, and pH were available for each half-year during the period of 1934-1948. The major factors causing changes in the chemistry of groundwater flowing in three sandy sub-aquifers have been seawater encroachment due to overpumping, and infiltration of effluents from pit-latrine collectors. Influence of these factors decreases with depth. Landward-penetrating seawater passed through clayey coastal sediments, interbedded among sands and calcareous sandstones, and spread into the Kurkar Group aquifer. This has led to exchange of sodium (dominant in seawater) with calcium adsorbed on clay particles, enriching groundwater with calcium. Intensity of cation exchange decreases inland and with depth. Infiltration of pit-latrine effluents has introduced large amounts of ammonium into the unsaturated zone. Its rapid oxidation in unsaturated sediments has caused massive nitrate production, accompanied by pore-water acidification. This process induces dissolution of vadose carbonate, resulting in enrichment of groundwater recharge in calcium. Anthropogenically induced dissolution of calcite in the unsaturated zone has been the major factor for the increase of Ca2+ concentration in groundwater, accounting for about 80% of this increase. In the interface zone, an additional 20% of calcium has been supplied by cation exchange. Owing to pH increase caused by denitrification in the aquifer, Ca(2+)-rich waters supersaturated with calcite could be formed, especially in the capillary fringe of the uppermost sub-aquifer, which could induce calcite precipitation and ultimately lead to the cementation of sandy aquifers. Urban development has caused drastic changes in the gas content in the unsaturated zone and in groundwater. Carbon dioxide was intensively generated by nitrification-denitrification processes, by hydration of urea, to a lesser degree by oxidation of organic matter, and probably by anoxic biodegradation of organics. Between 1934 and 1948, concentrations of CO2 in unsaturated sediment air rose from 3.2% to 7.6%. In the unsaturated zone, oxygen consumption for oxidation of ammonium and organic matter lowered O2 concentrations in sediment air to unusually low values of 3.9-12.9%. Nitrification in the urban unsaturated zone could thus serve as a pump, sucking in atmospheric oxygen at a rate of about 0.3-0.5 g m-2 day-1. The extreme concentrations of CO2 and O2 in unsaturated sediments have been preserved due to production and consumption of gas under conditions of diminishing areas open to the atmosphere, uncovered by buildings and by roads.     

Migration of contaminants through the unsaturated zone overlying the Hesbaye chalky aquifer in Belgium: a field investigation

This paper presents the results of a detailed field investigation that was performed for studying groundwater recharge processes and solute downward migration mechanisms prevailing in the unsaturated zone overlying a chalk aquifer in Belgium. Various laboratory measurements were performed on core samples collected during the drilling of boreholes in the experimental site. In the field, experiments consisted of well logging, infiltration tests in the unsaturated zone, pumping tests in the saturated zone and tracer tests in both the saturated and unsaturated zones. Results show that gravitational flows govern groundwater recharge and solute migration mechanisms in the unsaturated zone. In the variably saturated chalk, the migration and retardation of solutes is strongly influenced by recharge conditions. Under intense injection conditions, solutes migrate at high speed along the partially saturated fissures, downward to the saturated zone. At the same time, they are temporarily retarded in the almost immobile water located in the chalk matrix. Under normal recharge conditions, fissures are inactive and solutes migrate slowly through the chalk matrix. Results also show that concentration dynamics in the saturated zone are related to fluctuations of groundwater levels in the aquifer. A conceptual model is proposed to explain the hydrodispersive behaviour of the variably saturated chalk. Finally, the vulnerability of the chalk to contamination issues occurring at the land surface is discussed.